{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T16:22:24Z","timestamp":1783441344116,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n \n This study aimed to investigate and report ocular findings in a group of healthy captive African Clawed Frogs (\n \n Xenopus laevis<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n ) and Tiger Salamanders (\n \n Ambystoma tigrinum<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n ) and to establish reference data for commonly performed ocular diagnostic tests.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Seven female adult captive African Clawed Frogs (ACF) and seven adult captive Tiger Salamanders (TS) were included. All animals underwent ophthalmic examination, Cochet\u2010Bonnet corneal esthesiometry, rebound tonometry (Tonovet Plus), and conjunctival bacterial aerobic culture. Mann\u2013Whitney tests were used for comparisons between species. Significance was set at\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.05.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n One frog exhibited a typical iris coloboma bilaterally and 2\/7 frogs exhibited unilateral punctate cortical cataracts. Retinal evaluation was unremarkable in 13\/14 frog eyes. One frog exhibited a large chorioretinal scar in one eye. Tonometry was (median, min\u2010max) 24\u2009mmHg (18\u201336) and corneal touch threshold (CTT) was (median, min\u2010max) 2.25\u2009mm, (1.0\u20133.0). Five of seven frogs had positive culture results. Four of the 7 salamanders had bilateral nuclear cataracts and 2 of those 4 also had cortical cataracts. Retinal exam in this species was precluded. Tonometry was (median, min\u2010max) 19.5\u2009mmHg, (14\u201323) and CTT were >\u20095.0\u2009cm in all individuals. All TS had positive bacterial cultures, mostly gram\u2010negative rods. ACF had significantly less corneal sensitivity and a significantly higher IOP than TS (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.0001 and\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.0003, respectively).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n TS and ACF can be manageable for ophthalmic examination and minimal diagnostic testing without chemical restraint. This study provides preliminary baseline ophthalmic data in captive Tiger Salamanders and African Clawed Frogs examined without sedation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.70200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T06:51:47Z","timestamp":1779951107000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ocular Findings in A Captive Population of African Clawed\u00a0Frogs (\n Xenopus laevis<\/i>\n ) and Tiger Salamanders (\n Ambystoma tigrinum<\/i>\n )"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Sydney M.","family":"Hall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0723-8313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chin\u2010Chi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Nevarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7963-9063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renee T.","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7264-6941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Camacho\u2010Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-71302-7_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2000.tb00047.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2018.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00502"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.074963"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.1402440207"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901620103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901620104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","volume-title":"Salamanders of the United States and Canada\/James W. 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