{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T14:19:53Z","timestamp":1785766793595,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing challenge in veterinary ophthalmology, particularly in cases of bacterial keratitis, where progressive stromal infection can threaten vision and globe integrity within hours to days. This review synthesizes current evidence on pathogen distribution, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, multidrug resistance (MDR) prevalence, and determinants of nonsusceptibility in veterinary patients, highlighting the emerging role\u00a0of antibiotic\u2010sparing alternatives. Across contemporary studies,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus pseudintermedius<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2\u2010hemolytic streptococci<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    are consistently among the most frequently isolated pathogens. The highest MDR burdens are reported in referral populations and among methicillin\u2010resistant staphylococci worldwide. Feline data remain comparatively limited but show regional variability in resistance patterns, while equine studies reveal temporal shifts in isolate distribution and a rising prevalence of methicillin\u2010resistant organisms in tertiary settings. Recent topical antimicrobial exposure is the most consistently identified predictor of reduced culture positivity and elevated resistance rates in subsequent ocular isolates, highlighting the importance of early microbiologic sampling and judicious antibiotic use. Interpreting antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) in ophthalmology remains challenging because clinical breakpoints are generally derived from systemic dosing regimens, despite substantially higher, albeit transient,\u00a0drug concentrations being achieved at the ocular surface following topical administration. Moreover, the ocular surface microenvironment, including tear proteins, inflammation, biofilm formation, and concurrent serum therapy, may substantially influence antimicrobial activity and therapeutic response. The review concludes with practical ophthalmology\u2010specific stewardship recommendations, a One Health perspective on resistant ocular pathogens, and a forward\u2010looking discussion of antibiotic\u2010sparing adjuncts within a broader multimodal strategy to preserve antimicrobial effectiveness.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.70209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T04:50:46Z","timestamp":1782190246000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antibiotics in Veterinary Ophthalmology: Resistance, Stewardship, and Emerging Antibiotic\u2010Sparing Strategies"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0103-0127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lionel","family":"Sebbag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Koret School of Veterinary Medicine The Hebrew University of Jerusalem  Rehovot Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oren","family":"Pe'er","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koret School of Veterinary Medicine The Hebrew University of Jerusalem  Rehovot Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1096\u20102867(03)90016\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700617"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463\u20105224.2007.00546.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.583965"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10020066"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12200"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13296"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.571503"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2024.v14.i11.36"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","volume-title":"CLSI VET01\u2010Ed6. 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