{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T09:09:14Z","timestamp":1788944954386,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016749","name":"UC Davis Center for Equine Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K08EY028199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08EY028199"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K08EY030950"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K08EY030950"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Aqueous deficient dry eye disease (ADDE) results from a quantitative reduction in aqueous tears. We sought to determine the clinical effect of autologous mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) injections into the region of the lacrimal gland and the gland of the third eyelid in immunomodulatory\u2010dependent ADDE\u2010affected dogs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Dogs (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094) were enrolled that met the inclusion criteria for ADDE (consistent clinical signs combined with Schirmer tear test I [STT\u2010I] value &lt;\u200915\u2009mm\/min, responsive to topical immunomodulatory therapy, and documented drop in STT\u2010I after cessation of therapy). By applying these stringent criteria, there was a high failure rate for inclusion. Autologous MSCs were harvested, expanded, and unilaterally injected after cessation of immunomodulatory therapy. Examinations, ophthalmic diagnostics, clinical scoring, and owner surveys were performed at regular intervals post\u2010injection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No adverse ocular events were associated with the MSC injections. There were variable responses between dogs, with one dog exhibiting an immediate increase in STT\u2010I that remained elevated (5.5\u2010fold increase); two dogs had a smaller and temporary increase in STT\u2010I over baseline (0.6\u20130.7\u2010fold increases), and one dog had no increases detected over the initial 6 months. Repeated injections did not improve clinical or diagnostic values.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Autologous MSC injections were well\u2010tolerated in dogs with ADDE. Results were variable in this small sample size. Despite initial improvement in 3 of 4 dogs, the positive response was variable in magnitude of response and duration of effect. Repeated injections did not sustain this response. Future studies using conditioned MSCs and\/or exosomal therapy are warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.70233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T04:51:52Z","timestamp":1784782312000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Limited Efficacy of Autologous Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Injections in Immunomodulatory\u2010Dependent Dogs With Aqueous Deficient Dry Eye Disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2080-8480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian C.","family":"Leonard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis  Davis CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology &amp; Vision Science, School of Medicine University of California, Davis  Davis CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3128-2760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shin Ae","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis  Davis CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Purdue University  West Lafayette IN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8468-163X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis  Davis CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Purdue University  West Lafayette IN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kei","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis  Davis CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Cornell University  Ithaca NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5617-9677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara M.","family":"Thomasy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis  Davis CA USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology &amp; 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