{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T09:09:15Z","timestamp":1788944955286,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The aim of this retrospective study was to describe the prevalence and distribution of presumed inherited eye diseases in pugs in Germany and to evaluate potential risk factors for selected diseases. Therefore, ophthalmic findings from 294 pugs provided by the German panel of the European Eye Scheme programme were analyzed retrospectively. Associations between diseases and age and sex were assessed using multivariable linear probability models and correlation analyses and prevalences with 95% confidence intervals were reported. Entropion was the most frequent diagnosis (72.4%), followed by pigmentary keratopathy (36.7%), macroblepharon (24.8%), distichiasis (20.1%) and non\u2010congenital hereditary cataract (12.2%). Based on anatomic location, 81.3% of pugs had at least one adnexal disorder and 41.5% at least one corneal disorder. Increasing age was significantly associated with a higher probability of pigmentary keratopathy, keratoconjunctivitis sicca and hereditary cataract. No significant association with sex was identified. Pugs in this German population were commonly affected by adnexal and corneal diseases. Further ophthalmic screening and prospective studies are warranted to better characterize presumed hereditary eye diseases of this breed, clarify inheritance patterns, and improve ocular welfare in pugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.70235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T06:50:06Z","timestamp":1785394206000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalences of Known and Presumed Inherited Eye Diseases in Pugs in Germany"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8014-2024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolin","family":"Lemle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Centre of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Veterinary Faculty LMU  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4905-6537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Centre of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Veterinary Faculty LMU  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6137-3773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Meyer\u2010Lindenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Centre of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Veterinary Faculty LMU  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2023.105948"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40575-016-0032-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","unstructured":"A. K.Club \u201cThe Most Popular Dog Breeds of 2023 \u201d(2022) https:\/\/www.akc.org\/expert\u2010advice\/dog\u2010breeds\/most\u2010popular\u2010dog\u2010breeds\u20102022\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","unstructured":"A. K.Club \u201cThe Most Popular Dog Breeds of 2024 \u201d(2025) https:\/\/www.akc.org\/expert\u2010advice\/news\/most\u2010popular\u2010dog\u2010breeds\u20102024\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237276"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/awf.2022.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137496"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Demography and Disorders of the French Bulldog Population Under Primary Veterinary Care in the UK in 2013","volume":"5","author":"O'Neill D. G.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Canine Genetics and Epidemiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73088-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123827"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-021-00183-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13054"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12808"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/coan.2020.0056"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Slatter's Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology","author":"Bettenay S.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12751"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.20.07.0388"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15040531"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","unstructured":"ECVO HED Committee \u201cECVO Manual Chapter 9\u2014Canine Breeds \u201d(2021) https:\/\/www.ecvo.eu\/hereditary\u2010eye\u2010diseases\/ecvo\u2010manual\/chapter\u20109\u2010breeds\u2010dogs.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1988.tb03514.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","unstructured":"ECVO HED Committee \u201cECVO Manual Chapter\u00a05\u2014Definitions \u201d(2023) https:\/\/www.ecvo.eu\/media\/chapter_5_definitions_2023.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","unstructured":"ECVO HED Committee \u201cECVO Manual Chapter\u00a08\u2014The Veterinary Ophthalmologists' Advice \u201d(2024)."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","first-page":"458","volume-title":"The Blue Book. Ocular Disorders Presumed To Be Inherited in Purebred Dogs","author":"ACVO Genetics Committee","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40575-017-0045-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","first-page":"1317","volume-title":"Veterinary Ophthalmology","author":"Leiva M.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2005.00352.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","unstructured":"ECVO HED Committee \u201cECVO Manual Chapter\u00a03\u2014The ECVO Hereditary Eye Disease Scheme \u201d(2024) https:\/\/www.ecvo.eu\/media\/chapter_3_eye_scheme_2024.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","volume-title":"Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Diagnostik Genetisch Bedingter Augenerkrankungen bei Tieren e.V","author":"DOK Dortmunder Kreis","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","unstructured":"DOK Dortmunder Kreis \u201cWer Sind Wir \u201d(2019) https:\/\/www.dok\u2010vet.de\/Pub\/Wer%20sind%20wir.aspx?t=1."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","unstructured":"ECVO HED Committee \u201cECVO Manual Chapter\u00a02\u2014Introduction \u201d(2013) https:\/\/www.ecvo.eu\/media\/2\u2010introduction.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","unstructured":"ECVO HED Committee \u201cECVO Manual Chapter\u00a06\u2014Guidelines \u201d(2024) https:\/\/www.ecvo.eu\/media\/chapter_6_guidelines_2024.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","unstructured":"ECVO HED Committee \u201cECVO Manual Chapter\u00a04\u2014The ECVO Certificate \u201d(2024) https:\/\/www.ecvo.eu\/media\/ecvo_hed_certificate_\u2010_for_practice_purposes_only.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","unstructured":"DOK Dortmunder Kreis \u201cGesellschaft f\u00fcr Diagnostik Genetisch Bedingter Augenerkrankungen bei Tieren e.V. \u201d(2019) https:\/\/www.dok\u2010vet.de\/Pub\/Untersuchung\/Befundbogen.aspx."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","volume-title":"Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data","author":"Wooldridge J. M.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1345478"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/0420435"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12291"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.13351"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2023.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13091"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40575-021-00110-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","first-page":"923","volume-title":"Veterinary Ophthalmology","author":"Stades F. C.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12947"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.243.5.667"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2127-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12416"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14040580"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","first-page":"1082","volume-title":"Veterinary Ophthalmology","author":"Whitley D. R.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Pigmentary Keratitis in Dogs","volume":"24","author":"Pascual C.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Veterinary Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13382"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.51470\/JEZ.2024.27.2.1921"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2009.00665.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1985.tb02092.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1971.158.09.1566"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1985.46.02.376"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2006.00185.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12542"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2009.00735.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2004.00317.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-010-9158-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12378"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12370"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_64_1","unstructured":"Club f\u00fcr den Mops e.V. \u201cAktuelle Zuchtinformationen \u201d(2025) https:\/\/www.cfd\u2010mops.de\/aktuelles.html."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vop.70235","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/vop.70235","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vop.70235","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T08:46:49Z","timestamp":1788943609000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vop.70235"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vop.70235"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vop.70235","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1463-5216","1463-5224"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1463-5216","type":"print"},{"value":"1463-5224","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-05-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70235"}}