{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T03:02:06Z","timestamp":1789786926064,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n To describe the gross anatomy of the\n orbita<\/jats:italic>\n in Huacaya alpacas, identify species\u2010specific features, and provide comparative anatomical information relevant to clinical ophthalmic practice.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Animals Studied<\/jats:title>\n Nine heads from postmortem donated Huacaya alpacas were used.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Procedures<\/jats:title>\n \n Two skulls were evaluated to characterize the\n orbita<\/jats:italic>\n , and six additional heads were analyzed using gross dissection and saw sectioning.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The\n orbita<\/jats:italic>\n is completely enclosed by bone and protects the\n mm. bulbi<\/jats:italic>\n and associated\n nn. craniales<\/jats:italic>\n . The\n mm. bulbi<\/jats:italic>\n originate mainly around the\n can. opticus<\/jats:italic>\n and\n for. orbitorotundum<\/jats:italic>\n , except for the\n m<\/jats:italic>\n .\n obliquus ventralis,<\/jats:italic>\n that arises from the\n os lacrimale<\/jats:italic>\n . Orbital nerves include the\n n<\/jats:italic>\n .\n opticus<\/jats:italic>\n , the ocular motor nerves (\n n. oculomotorius<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n n. trochlearis<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n n. abducens<\/jats:italic>\n ), as well as the\n n. ophthalmicus<\/jats:italic>\n and\n n. maxillaris<\/jats:italic>\n . With the exception of the\n m. obliquus dorsalis<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n m. rectus lateralis,<\/jats:italic>\n and the lateral part of the\n m. retractor bulbi<\/jats:italic>\n , all\n mm. bulbi<\/jats:italic>\n are innervated by the\n n. oculomotorius<\/jats:italic>\n . These exceptions are innervated by the\n n. trochlearis<\/jats:italic>\n and\n n. abducens<\/jats:italic>\n , respectively.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n The macroscopic anatomy of the\n orbit<\/jats:italic>\n a in Huacaya alpacas largely corresponds to that of domestic animals. However, novel details were identified, including bifurcation of the\n n. trochlearis<\/jats:italic>\n near the\n m. obliquus dorsalis<\/jats:italic>\n and fine connecting branches of the\n n. ophthalmicus<\/jats:italic>\n to adjacent structures. These features warrant further study to support veterinary care and improve understanding of alpaca orbital anatomy.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.70270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T02:32:11Z","timestamp":1789785131000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Topographical Anatomical Description of the Orbit of the Alpaca,\n \n Vicugna pacos<\/i>\n <\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6106-4232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia","family":"Weis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Munich (LMU) Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6447-442X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johann","family":"Maierl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Munich (LMU) Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1079\/9781800623576.0000","volume-title":"Veterinary Treatment of Llamas and Alpacas","author":"Duncanson G. 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