{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T04:45:00Z","timestamp":1791780300383,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791676800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Ophthalmology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serum closely resembles natural tears in composition and contains higher growth factor levels than plasma in humans. Beyond its well\u2010established anticollagenase properties, evidence from human ophthalmology suggests a broader therapeutic potential that may extend to the management of ocular surface diseases in animals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review examines the composition, mechanisms, and clinical applications of serum eye drops (SEDs) in human and veterinary ophthalmology, compares serum with plasma, and proposes a protocol for their formulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      SEDs provide a physiological blend of epitheliotropic factors, including EGF, TGF\u2010\u03b2, vitamin A, fibronectin, and protease inhibitors (\u03b1\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2010macroglobulin). Key human indications include dry eye disease and persistent epithelial defects. In veterinary patients, SEDs are primarily used for keratomalacia, with additional potential applications\u2014such as non\u2010healing ulcers, neurotrophic and herpetic keratitis, chemical injuries, toxic keratopathy, and keratoconjunctivitis sicca\u2014though evidence remains limited and largely extrapolated from human studies. Optimal preparation involves 120\u2010min clotting, centrifugation at 3000\u00d7\n                      <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and optional dilution with saline, BSS, or sodium hyaluronate. Refrigerated storage (4\u00b0C) for up to 7\u2009days is supported for canine serum, and at \u221220\u00b0C for 6\u2009months, though stability of some components may vary. Aseptic handling, single\u2010patient use, and refrigeration minimize contamination. SEDs are well tolerated, with few adverse effects reported in humans and none yet in veterinary patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SEDs offer physiologically rational adjunctive therapy for OSD in animals. Although serum and plasma have similar antiprotease activity, serum may promote better epithelial healing. Further veterinary studies are warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.70279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T03:50:17Z","timestamp":1791777017000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serum Eye Drops for Ocular Surface Disease in Veterinary Ophthalmology: A Translational Review of Human and Veterinary Evidence"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0893-4587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1.","family":"Lubi\u00e1n Arenillas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Optivet Referrals Morden Ltd  Mitchan, Greater London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1971-5984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"E.","family":"Fenollosa\u2010Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic 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