{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T05:43:58Z","timestamp":1775886238966,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,9]],"date-time":"2013-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1381276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vox Sanguinis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>While blood donation is traditionally described as a behaviour motivated by pure altruism, the assessment of altruism in the blood donation literature has not been theoretically informed. Drawing on theories of altruism from psychology, economics and evolutionary biology, it is argued that a theoretically derived psychometric assessment of altruism is needed. Such a measure is developed in this study that can be used to help inform both our understanding of the altruistic motives of blood donors and recruitment intervention strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross\u2010sectional survey (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0414), with a 1\u2010month behavioural follow\u2010up (time 2, <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a077), was designed to assess theoretically derived constructs from psychological, economic and evolutionary biological theories of altruism. Theory of planned behaviour (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TPB<\/jats:styled-content>) variables and co\u2010operation were also assessed at time 1 and a measure of behavioural co\u2010operation at time 2.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Five theoretical dimensions (impure altruism, kinship, self\u2010regarding motives, reluctant altruism and egalitarian warm glow) of altruism were identified through factor analyses. These five altruistic motives differentiated blood donors from non\u2010donors (donors scored higher on impure altruism and reluctant altruism), showed incremental validity over <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TPB<\/jats:styled-content> constructs to predict donor intention and predicted future co\u2010operative behaviour.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings show that altruism in the context of blood donation is multifaceted and complex and, does not reflect pure altruism. This has implication for recruitment campaigns that focus solely on pure altruism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12080","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,12]],"date-time":"2013-10-12T02:40:31Z","timestamp":1381545631000},"page":"118-126","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Defining and measuring blood donor altruism: a theoretical approach from biology, economics and psychology"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Evans","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Personality Social Psychology and Health (PSPH) Group School of Psychology University of Nottingham Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Personality Social Psychology and Health (PSPH) Group School of Psychology University of Nottingham Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8287.1996.tb00510.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2003.00325.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2007.01423.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy","author":"Titmuss RM","year":"1971"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2002.00008.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","volume-title":"The Altruism Question: Toward a Social Psychological Answer","author":"Batson CD","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2234133"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2002.1964"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1133755"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.6.1516"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167210362981"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2011.03279.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2011.03557.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2011.01488.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2003.00252.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.27.3.327"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105305051423"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/000712608X310237"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2007.00990.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8309.1995.tb01056.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/soco.1998.16.4.400"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2011.03141.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/JCEP.4.2006.2.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2010.05.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.2.147"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/106186002760180608"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","volume-title":"ZumaStat Statistical Methods. 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