{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T11:14:19Z","timestamp":1789038859995,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]],"date-time":"2018-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian governments"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vox Sanguinis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>False positive (FP) viral marker results in blood donors continue to pose many challenges. Informing donors of FP results and subsequent deferral can result in stress and anxiety for donors and additional complexity and workload for blood services. Donor management strategies need to balance the requirement to minimise donor anxiety and inconvenience while maintaining sufficiency of supply. Decisions about how and when to inform donors of FP results and determine deferral periods can be difficult as FP results, while often transitory, can take up to several years to resolve. Additional complexities include the interpretation of indeterminate serological confirmatory testing without detectable viral RNA or non\u2010discriminated NAT results with concomitant anti\u2010HBc reactivity \u2010 both may be due to FP results, but the former may also represent past infection and the later may represent occult hepatitis B infection. In this review we discuss strategies to minimise indeterminate serological confirmatory results, possible donor deferral policies and the impact on donors when notified of FP results. We also provide some new data from Australia that address the challenge of interpreting non\u2010discriminated NAT results with concomitant anti\u2010HBc reactivity. Ultimately, the challenge is for each blood service to develop appropriate strategies for donor management, taking into account local information and requirements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,5]],"date-time":"2018-07-05T00:42:57Z","timestamp":1530751377000},"page":"530-539","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["False positive viral marker results in blood donors and their unintended consequences"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2849-7122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip","family":"Kiely","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Red Cross Blood Service Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"Transfusion Research Unit Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7827-3661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica C.","family":"Hoad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Red Cross Blood Service Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica M.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transfusion Research Unit Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/voxs.12256"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/voxs.12060"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2005.00926.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/voxs.12058"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmrv.2004.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1997.37297203524.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.13381"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1996.36196190513.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.1995.35295125746.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70010-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2003.00671.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.02113.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2011.03524.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12547"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2008.01701.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2006.00818.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000441676"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2008.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAT.0b013e3283631cf9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0041-1132.2004.00620.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2012.01624.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12198"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2012.01640.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.13135"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12553"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12556"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2004.03347.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2007.01067.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12143"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2003.00386.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2008.01760.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21881"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.02320.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2008.01718.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12962"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2008.01973.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2008.01844.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2003.00304.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0928-0197(94)00055-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0928-0197(94)90030-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3148.1994.tb00264.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2002.00114.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guidelines for laboratory testing and result reporting of antibody to hepatitis C virus. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","volume":"52","author":"Alter MJ","year":"2003","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/49.3.479"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2005.00611.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12469"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","first-page":"245","article-title":"Mechanisms of virologic control and clinical characteristics of HIV+ Elite\/Viremic controllers","volume":"90","author":"Gonzalo\u2010Gil E","year":"2017","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-10-381996"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2017.03.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117374"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","first-page":"173","article-title":"False\u2010positive serologic tests for human T\u2010cell lymphotropic virus type I among blood donors following influenza vaccination, 1992","volume":"42","author":"Centers for Disease control and Prevention","year":"1993","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.1994.tb01658.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc053417"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2013.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","first-page":"805","article-title":"False\u2010positive human immunodeficiency virus screening test related to rabies vaccination","volume":"118","author":"Pearlman ES","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3148.2001.00332.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0042-9007.2001.00125.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2003.00352.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.20460"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(99)70121-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2006.tb03813.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2011.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","first-page":"30S","article-title":"False positive EIA reactivity in multiple blood bank screening assays is due to non\u2010specific binding of IgM","volume":"32","author":"Stramer S","year":"1992","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","first-page":"79S","article-title":"Molecular basis for the false positive reactions in HIV\u20101\/2 enzyme immunoassays","volume":"41","author":"Bazin R","year":"2001","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/3F13-739A-NA7F-NV3X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1537-2995.2002.00164.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28503"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tid.12483"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2010.02766.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-99"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw337"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2007.tb00982.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.2012.02803.x"}],"container-title":["Vox Sanguinis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fvox.12675","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vox.12675","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,18]],"date-time":"2023-09-18T07:13:55Z","timestamp":1695021235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vox.12675"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vox.12675"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vox.12675","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0042-9007","1423-0410"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0042-9007","type":"print"},{"value":"1423-0410","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,4]]}}}