{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T06:01:41Z","timestamp":1776405701320,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]],"date-time":"2019-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vox Sanguinis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is conflicting evidence in the literature as to whether there is a blood\u2010borne virus (BBV) risk associated with tattoos in licensed premises. However, blood donors are currently deferred from blood donation in Australia for 4\u00a0months after any tattoo. We aimed to assess the incidence of BBVs in blood donors who declared tattoos and evaluate the risk to blood safety through risk modelling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Donors from 2013 to 2016 with a tattoo deferral on their blood donor file with pre\u2010 and post\u2010BBV testing were analysed to determine an incidence of BBVs using standard methods. This was compared to a 2014 cohort of whole blood donors with a deferral of 4\u00a0months due to travel to a malaria\u2010endemic area. Using the incidence of tattoos and BBV risk, the total residual risk estimate of allowing tattooed donors to return without restriction was calculated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The incidence rate of BBVs in blood donors following tattoo deferral was 13\u00b726 (95% CI 2\u00b767\u201338\u00b775) per 100\u00a0000 person\u2010years (all were hepatitis C infections in males compared to 9\u00b726 (95% CI 2\u00b749\u201323\u00b771) per 100\u00a0000 in blood donors following malaria deferral. If other risk factors were accounted for the risk in tattoo donors decreased to 4\u00b74 per 100\u00a0000 person\u2010years. The total residual risk calculation if donors with a tattoo were allowed to donate without restriction was estimated at 1 in 34 million.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This residual risk indicates BBV deferral for donors post\u2010tattoo in Australia is not required for blood safety.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]],"date-time":"2019-08-09T06:28:07Z","timestamp":1565332087000},"page":"687-693","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Tattoos, blood\u2010borne viruses and blood donors: a blood donor cohort and risk assessment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7827-3661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica C.","family":"Hoad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Services and Research Australian Red Cross Blood Service Perth WA Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca J.","family":"Guy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirby Institute University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0234-4507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clive R.","family":"Seed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Services and Research Australian Red Cross Blood Service Perth WA Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Harley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Services and Research Australian Red Cross Blood Service Brisbane QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"Therapeutic Goods Administration:Therapeutic Goods Order No. 88: Standards for donor selection testing and minimising infectious disease transmission via therapeutic goods that are human blood and blood components human tissues and human cellular therapy products. Canberra ACT.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","volume-title":"Revised Recommendations for Reducing the Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission by Blood and Blood Products- Guidance for Industry","author":"Food and Drug Administration Centre for Biologics Evaluation and Research","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","unstructured":"Advisory Committee on the Safety of Blood Tissues and Organs (SaBTO):Donor Selection Criteria Report 2017. 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Kirby Institute UNSW Sydney and the Australian Red Cross Blood Service;2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Updated U.S. Public Health Service guidelines for the management of occupational exposures to HBV, HCV and HIV and recommendations for postexposure prophylaxis","volume":"50","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2001","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jtm.12029"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2007.01618.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","first-page":"101","article-title":"Blood donor selection in European Union directives: room for improvement","volume":"14","author":"Kort W","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood Transfus"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000481829"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","unstructured":"Kirby Institute:Transfusion\u2010transmissible infections in Australia: 2018 Surveillance Report. Kirby Institute UNSW Sydney and the Australian Red Cross Blood Service;2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","first-page":"665","article-title":"The Risk of Bacterial Infection after tattooing, a systematic review of the literature","volume":"113","author":"Dieckmann R","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"}],"container-title":["Vox Sanguinis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vox.12832","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/vox.12832","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vox.12832","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,9]],"date-time":"2023-09-09T05:09:29Z","timestamp":1694236169000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vox.12832"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vox.12832"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vox.12832","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0042-9007","1423-0410"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0042-9007","type":"print"},{"value":"1423-0410","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]]}}}