{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T01:07:28Z","timestamp":1792631248335,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1151959"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1151959"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vox Sanguinis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most of the 233 worldwide cases of variant Creutzfeldt\u2013Jakob disease (vCJD) have been reported in the United Kingdom and 3 have been associated with transfusion\u2010transmission. To mitigate the potential vCJD risk to blood safety, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood imposes restrictions on blood donation from people with prior residency in, or extended travel to, the United Kingdom during the risk period 1980\u20131996. We have modified a previously published methodology to estimate the transfusion\u2010transmission risk of vCJD associated with fresh component transfusion in Australia if the UK residence deferral was removed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of current pre\u2010symptomatic vCJD infection in the United Kingdom by age at infection and genotype was estimated based on risk of exposure to the bovine spongiform encephalopathy agent for the period 1980\u20131996. These results were used to estimate the age\u2010specific prevalence of undiagnosed, pre\u2010symptomatic vCJD in the Australian population in the current year due to prior UK residency or travel. The primary model outputs were the 2020 vCJD risks\/unit of vCJD contamination, transfusion\u2010transmission (infections) and clinical cases.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The overall (prior UK residency in and travel to United Kingdom, 1980\u20131996) mean risk of contamination per unit was 1 in 29,900,000. The risks of resulting vCJD transmission (infection) and clinical case were 1 in 389,000,000 and 1 in 1,450,000,000, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our modelling suggests that removing the Lifeblood donation deferral for travel to, or UK residence, would result in virtually no increased risk of vCJD transfusion\u2010transmission and would be a safe and effective strategy for increasing the donor base.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.13290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T17:13:32Z","timestamp":1653412412000},"page":"1016-1026","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Risk of variant <scp>Creutzfeldt\u2013Jakob<\/scp> disease transmission by blood transfusion in Australia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7264-8848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamish","family":"McManus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirby Institute University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0234-4507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clive R.","family":"Seed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Red Cross Lifeblood  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7827-3661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica C.","family":"Hoad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Red Cross Lifeblood  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2849-7122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip","family":"Kiely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Red Cross Lifeblood  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Kaldor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirby Institute University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire E.","family":"Styles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Red Cross Lifeblood  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Food and Drug Administration  Rockville Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Law","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirby Institute University of New South Wales  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iain B.","family":"Gosbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Red Cross Lifeblood  Melbourne Victoria Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine Western Sydney University  Penrith New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63945-5.00011-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63945-5.00002-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030261"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1109.050371"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12637"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015626"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2000687"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","unstructured":"University of Edinburgh.National CJD research and surveillance network. Creutzfeldt\u2013Jakob Disease in the United Kingdom by Calendar Year.http:\/\/www.cjd.ed.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/figs.pdf. Accessed Jan 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2007053"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15486-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69835-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"E070118070114","article-title":"Fourth case of transfusion\u2010associated vCJD infection in the United Kingdom","volume":"12","year":"2007","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16811-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2516.2009.02181.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16812-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009276"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","unstructured":"UK Department of Health and Social Care.Risk assessment of the transmission of vCJD by blood components.https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/vcjd-transmission-by-blood-components-risk-assessment(2019). Accessed Jan 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12631"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Creutzfeldt\u2013Jakob disease surveillance in Australia: update to 31 December 2020","volume":"2021","author":"Stehmann C","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Dis Intell"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC).The risk of variant Creutzfeldt\u2013Jakob disease transmission via blood and plasma\u2010derived medicinal products manufactured from donations obtained in the United Kingdom. ECDC Report.https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/risk-assessment-risk-variant-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-transmission-blood(2021). Accessed Dec 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2003.00199.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7365.633"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1580"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f5675"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02153-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1610003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12891"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12832"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12708"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration.Recommendations to reduce the possible risk of transmission of Creutzfeldt\u2013Jakob disease and variant Creutzfeldt\u2013Jakob disease by blood and blood components\u2013Guidance for Industry.https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/124156\/download(2020). Accessed Jan 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","unstructured":"Irish Blood Transfusion Service.Can I give blood \u2010 keeping blood safe.https:\/\/www.giveblood.ie\/can\u2010i\u2010give\u2010blood\/keeping\u2010blood\u2010safe\/vcjd(2020). Accessed Jan 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","unstructured":"DinenageC(Minister of State for Care UK Government).Revised Advice on variant Creutzfeldt\u2013Jakob disease (vCJD) Risk Reduction Measures for the UK\u2010Statement UIN HCWS1821.https:\/\/questions\u2010statements.parliament.uk\/written\u2010statements\/detail\/2019\u201009\u201009\/HCWS1821(2019). Accessed Jan 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68930-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1218167"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61568-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","volume-title":"Population: age and sex, 1976 onwards; estimates of the population for the UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland","author":"Office for National Statistics","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","unstructured":"OIE. BSE.Vol. 2005: world Organization for Animal Health(2005)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","unstructured":"SeeteramN.A study of outbound tourism from Australia; Monash economics working papers. Department of Economics Monash University(2010)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-04-152520"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","volume-title":"vCJD and transfusion of blood components: an updated risk assessment","author":"Bennett P","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2010.01378.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-017-0222-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics.Australian Demographic Statistics Cat. no. 3101.0 Australian Bureau of Statistics Canberra(2018)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics.Table A9. Population projections By age and sex Australia \u2010 Series A Cat. No. 3222.0 Australian Bureau of Statistics Canberra(2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics.2016 census: persons by age year of arrival and birthplace. Australian Bureau of Statistics Canberra(2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics.2011 census: persons by age year of arrival and birthplace. Australian Bureau of Statistics Canberra(2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics.2006 census: persons by age year of arrival and birthplace. Australian Bureau of Statistics Canberra(2010)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics.Life Tables States Territories and Australia 2016\u20132018 Cat. No. 3202.055001DO001. Australian Bureau of Statistics Canberra(2019)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics.Overseas arrivals and departures: customised data report. Australian Bureau of Statistics Canberra(2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics.Overseas Arrivals and Departures Australia. Cat. No. 3401.0. Australian Bureau of Statistics Canberra(2020)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2004.0017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","unstructured":"NarayanS(Ed) PolesD et al.On behalf of the Serious Hazards of Transfusion (SHOT) Steering Group. The 2019 Annual SHOT Report;2020.https:\/\/www.shotuk.org\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/myimages\/SHOT\u2010REPORT\u20102019\u2010Final\u2010Bookmarked\u2010v2.pdf"}],"container-title":["Vox Sanguinis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vox.13290","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/vox.13290","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vox.13290","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T01:55:53Z","timestamp":1692842153000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vox.13290"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vox.13290"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vox.13290","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0042-9007","1423-0410"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0042-9007","type":"print"},{"value":"1423-0410","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]]}}}