{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:27:48Z","timestamp":1791908868274,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1697587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vox Sanguinis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Voluntary non\u2010remunerated blood donors (VNRBDs) are recognized as being crucial for the safety and sustainability of national blood supplies. Systems based on replacement donors (RDs) pose high risks of transfusion transmissible infections (TTIs). Currently, only 10%\u201313% of blood donations are voluntary in Pakistan. No large\u2010scale studies have been conducted to objectively evaluate the impact of the mode of donation on the frequency of TTIs, a gap this study aimed to fill.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study was conducted at the Indus Hospital, Karachi. Data from a total of 591,820 blood donations were included from 1 October 2017 to 30 May 2021 and evaluated for type of donations and results of TTI testing, primarily performed on Architect i2000SR (Abbott). The TTIs tested include hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, syphilis and malaria.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 477,938 (80.7%) RDs and 113,882 (19.3%) VNRBDs were screened. Among these, 53,590 (9.06%) were positive for TTIs. There were 10.2% positive RDs (10.08\u201310.25 95% confidence interval [CI]) while 4.4% in VNRBDs (4.29\u20134.53 95% CI). Co\u2010infections were observed in 2367 (0.4%) RDs, while 159 (0.02%) in VNRBDs. Geographically, the highest frequency of TTIs was observed in semi\u2010urban areas of Sindh (11.2%) and Punjab (9.6%). A site\u2010wise comparison of TTIs in RD versus VNRBD showed significant differences (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2010value 0.00).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>RDs are associated with higher frequencies of TTIs, compared with VNRBD. However, the study was unable to assess whether the significant difference was related to individual risk or repeat\/first time status of the donors. Other important variables affecting frequency are the catchment area of the blood donors in Pakistan. Urban areas have less prevalence than semi\u2010urban areas.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.13546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T08:15:58Z","timestamp":1697616958000},"page":"1078-1085","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Degree of blood safety of voluntary non\u2010remunerated versus replacement blood donations: A multi\u2010centre study of the large cohort of blood donors from two provinces of Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"118","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4550-745X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saba","family":"Jamal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology and Blood Transfusion Services Indus Hospital and Health Network  Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1650-0694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neelum","family":"Mansoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cytogenetics Indus Hospital and Health Network  Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Center Indus Hospital and Health Network  Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Nadeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Blood Center  Jamshoro Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javeria","family":"Aijaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pathology Indus Hospital and Health Network  Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Meraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology Indus Hospital and Health Network  Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Utilization of blood and its components at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan","volume":"12","author":"Altaf N","year":"2019","journal-title":"Khy J Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JBM.S277541"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-1136"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Report on the global AIDS epidemic","author":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS. 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Available from:https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/blood-safety-and-availability. Last accessed 8 Mar 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","unstructured":"Pakistan Bureau of Statistics Government of Pakistan: Pakistan National Census Report. Available from:https:\/\/www.pbs.gov.pk\/content\/brief-census-2017. Last accessed 4 Apr 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1729485"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijh.ijh_15_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Comparative study of voluntary and replacement blood donors from blood bank, Chamba (HP)","volume":"6","author":"Singh S","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Sci Clin Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","first-page":"98","article-title":"Frequency of regular voluntary blood donors and factors associated with blood donation in Karachi, Pakistan","volume":"9","author":"Batool R","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pak J Med Dentistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12878-016-0068-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","first-page":"897","article-title":"Seroprevalence of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, human immunodeficiency virus, syphilis, and malaria among blood donors at tertiary care hospital blood bank","volume":"71","author":"Qadir H","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pak Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","first-page":"155","article-title":"Seropositivity of hepatitis B, hepatitis C, human immunodeficiency virus and syphilis in blood donors of Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan","volume":"53","author":"Samo A","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sindh Univ Res J"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21474\/IJAR01\/8949"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","first-page":"27429","article-title":"Serological study of hepatitus B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) in blood collection centers","volume":"35","author":"Bibi B","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed J Sci Technol Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/joah.joah_10_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.19-3-s27"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","first-page":"192","article-title":"Trends of venereal infections among healthy blood donors at Karachi","volume":"19","author":"Sultan S","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Iran Med"}],"container-title":["Vox Sanguinis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vox.13546","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T09:30:12Z","timestamp":1703842212000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vox.13546"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vox.13546"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vox.13546","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0042-9007","1423-0410"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0042-9007","type":"print"},{"value":"1423-0410","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]]}}}