{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:17:39Z","timestamp":1772252259877,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,23]],"date-time":"2023-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vox Sanguinis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes (A\u2013H) have a distinct geographic distribution and are highly associated with the country of birth. Canada has experienced increased immigration over the past decade, primarily from regions where HBV is endemic. This study investigated the proportions and trends of HBV genotypes within blood donor and clinical populations of Canada over the period 2016\u20132021.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Study samples involved two cohorts: (1) Canadian blood donors (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009246) deferred from donation due to HBV test positivity and (2) chronic HBV patients from across Canada (clinically referred population, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093539). Plasma or serum was extracted, and the surface antigen and\/or polymerase\u2010coding region was amplified and sequenced to determine genotype by phylogenetic analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Six (A\u2013E, G) and eight (A\u2013H) HBV genotypes were detected among deferred blood donors and the clinically referred population, respectively. Differences in HBV genotype proportions between the two cohorts were observed across Canada. Males comprised most of the referred population among genotypes A\u2013E (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), except for genotypes B and C. The median age was younger among blood donors (36\u2009years [range 17\u201372]) compared with the referred population (41\u2009years [range 0\u201399]). Distinct trends of increasing (E, referred; B, blood donor) and decreasing genotype prevalence were observed over the study period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>HBV genotypes in Canada are highly diverse, suggesting a large immigrant population. Observed trends in genotype prevalence and proportional differences among cohorts imply shifts among the HBV\u2010infected population of Canada, which warrants continued surveillance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.13568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,23]],"date-time":"2023-12-23T13:28:40Z","timestamp":1703338120000},"page":"232-241","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Hepatitis B virus genotype surveillance in Canadian blood donors and a referred patient population, 2016\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5429-7220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Osiowy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Microbiology Laboratory Public Health Agency of Canada  Winnipeg Manitoba Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases University of Manitoba  Winnipeg Manitoba Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Giles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Microbiology Laboratory Public Health Agency of Canada  Winnipeg Manitoba Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher F.","family":"Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Paul's Hospital  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Matic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Paul's Hospital  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald G.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Publique du Qu\u00e9bec  Sainte\u2010Anne\u2010de\u2010Bellevue Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samra","family":"Uzicanin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Blood Services  Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2519-1109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven J.","family":"Drews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Blood Services  Edmonton Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Division of Diagnostic and Applied Microbiology Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta  Edmonton Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5332-2789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheila F.","family":"O'Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Blood Services  Ottawa Ontario Canada"},{"name":"School of Epidemiology &amp; Public Health, University of Ottawa  Ottawa Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(18)30056-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"Government of Canada Public Health Agency of Canada.Reported Cases From 1924 to 2019 in Canada\u2014Notifiable Diseases On\u2010Line.2021Available from:https:\/\/diseases.canada.ca\/notifiable\/charts?c=pl. Last accessed 12 Sept 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"Government of Canada Public Health Agency of Canada.Report on Hepatitis B and C Surveillance in Canada.2019Available from:https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public\u2010health\/services\/publications\/diseases\u2010conditions\/report\u2010hepatitis\u2010b\u2010c\u2010canada\u20102019.html. Last accessed 2 Aug 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"Statistics Canada.Immigrants Make Up the Largest Share of the Population in Over 150\u2009Years and Continue to Shape Who We Are as Canadians.2022Available from:https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/daily-quotidien\/221026\/dq221026a-eng.htm. Last accessed 2 Aug 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001387"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i23.7152"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.2.702-707.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233727"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Optimization of a next generation sequencing assay for HBV drug resistance testing","volume":"4","author":"Payne M","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Assoc Med Microbiol Infect Dis Can"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02366-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btm404"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00299-001-0399-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2144\/000113370"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10635150600755453"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh419"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136074"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01468-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(22)00124-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2008.01045.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.602296"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132533"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268821002326"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32865-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15020409"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12222"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20190103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/924640"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2022.100461"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v14112507"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20210284"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","unstructured":"Statistics Canada.Canada tops G7 Growth Despite COVID.2022. Available from:https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/daily-quotidien\/220209\/dq220209a-eng.htm. Last accessed 2 Aug 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","unstructured":"Statistics Canada.Focus on Geography Series 2021 Census of Population Canada.2022. Available from:https:\/\/www12.statcan.gc.ca\/census-recensement\/2021\/as-sa\/fogs-pg\/page.cfm?lang=E&topic=9&dguid=2021A000011124. Last accessed 2 Aug 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000027941"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","unstructured":"Canadian Blood Services.Surveillance Report.2021. Available from:https:\/\/professionaleducation.blood.ca\/en\/transfusion\/publications\/surveillance-report. Last accessed 12 Sep 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","unstructured":"Statistics Canada.Diversity of the Black Population in Canada: An Overview.2019Available from:https:\/\/www150.statcan.gc.ca\/n1\/pub\/89-657-x\/89-657-x2019002-eng.htm. Last accessed 2 Aug 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a021436"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","unstructured":"H\u00e9ma\u2010Qu\u00e9bec.2018\u20132019 Annual Report.2019Available from:https:\/\/www.hema-quebec.qc.ca\/userfiles\/file\/RA-2018-2019\/Hema-Quebec_2018-2019_Annual_Report.pdf. Last accessed 2 Aug 2023."}],"container-title":["Vox Sanguinis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vox.13568","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T23:49:12Z","timestamp":1756770552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vox.13568"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,23]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vox.13568"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vox.13568","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0042-9007","1423-0410"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0042-9007","type":"print"},{"value":"1423-0410","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,23]]}}}