{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T10:25:57Z","timestamp":1775989557295,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vox Sanguinis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) pandemic necessitated various therapeutic approaches, including convalescent plasma (CP) administration. The administration timing of COVID\u201019 CP (CCP), antibody specificity and quantity were identified as crucial factors for therapeutic success. Currently, antibody durability and storage time are still under debate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the stability and in vitro functionality of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) antibodies in human plasma and serum after long\u2010term storage, to provide a framework for generally applicable rules regarding the long\u2010term storage of CCP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Serum and plasma samples of CCP donations were investigated at the time of donation and after 2 and 3\u2009years' storage at less than \u221230\u00b0C using (electro)chemiluminescence immunoassays and enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assays, with the plasma undergoing multiple freezing and thawing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our data reveal robust levels of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 antibodies after long\u2010term storage. Furthermore, our findings also indicate that multiple freezing and thawing cycles do not affect the antibody levels or their neutralizing capability.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>As antibody stability and in vitro functionality are maintained over extended periods, even after repeated freezing and thawing, our findings support long\u2010term storage of CCP, particularly benefiting vulnerable populations such as immunocompromised individuals. By now, donors have likely encountered various SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 variants and vaccine\u2010acquired antibodies. This antibody mix present in CCP is suggested to protect even against new variants. Our data indicate that current regulations for the storage of CCP can be extended and that CCPs could be used for therapeutic purposes after long\u2010term storage without significant loss of antibody quantity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.70059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T21:56:16Z","timestamp":1749506176000},"page":"784-792","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Stable <scp>SARS<\/scp>\u2010<scp>CoV<\/scp>\u20102 antibody levels and functionality in serum and <scp>COVID<\/scp>\u201019 convalescent plasma after long\u2010term storage"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1416-6023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Laner\u2010Plamberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Medicine University Hospital of Salzburg (SALK), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU) Salzburg  Salzburg 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U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)2024."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","unstructured":"Guide to the preparation use and quality assurance of blood components. Strasbourg European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare.2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","unstructured":"An EU programme of COVID\u201019 convalescent plasma collection and transfusion guidance on collection testing processing storage distribution and monitored use; in directorate B \u2013 health systems mpaiBMpq safety innovation (ed). Brussels European Commission Directorate2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","unstructured":"Guide to the preparation use and quality assurance of blood components. 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