{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T05:47:23Z","timestamp":1770788843910,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]],"date-time":"2025-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]],"date-time":"2025-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763251200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vox Sanguinis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background and Objectives<\/jats:title>\n \n According to the World Health Organization, more than 1\u2009billion people are at risk of leishmaniasis in over 89 countries. Environmental changes such as deforestation, urban expansion and climate change facilitate the spread of sand fly vectors and reservoirs, increasing disease transmission. The introduction of\n Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n into non\u2010endemic regions may be further driven by globalization and ecotourism. Transfusion transmission, particularly of\n Leishmania infantum<\/jats:italic>\n , remains a concern due to the parasite's ability to survive under blood storage conditions and its prolonged latent phase. We aimed to determine the prevalence of\n Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n spp. among blood donors in a non\u2010endemic region.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n A prospective, cross\u2010sectional study was conducted with 5145 blood donor samples collected from January to December 2023. Serological screening was performed using an in\u2010house immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISA based on\n Leishmania chagasi<\/jats:italic>\n antigen. Samples with positive or inconclusive ELISA results were further tested by real\u2010time PCR targeting internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) regions, according to Pirmez et al.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Among samples tested, 2.82% (141\/5145) were ELISA\u2010reactive. None of these were positive by PCR for ITS or kDNA.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n The absence of\n Leishmania<\/jats:italic>\n DNA in ELISA\u2010reactive samples highlights the limitations of serological screening in low\u2010endemicity areas. Inflammatory physiological conditions, such as pregnancy and abortion, may contribute to non\u2010specific reactivity. The incorporation of molecular methods and the adoption of universal leukoreduction are recommended measures to ensure transfusion safety and avoid unnecessary donor deferrals.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.70146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:04:57Z","timestamp":1763337897000},"page":"160-168","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of\n Leishmania<\/i>\n exposure in blood donors from a non\u2010endemic urban area: A study in S\u00e3o Paulo"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Ismael Severino","family":"de Lima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research & Transfusion Medicine Pro\u2010Blood Foundation\/Blood Center of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4190-0238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzete Cleusa","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research & Transfusion Medicine Pro\u2010Blood Foundation\/Blood Center of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Pathogenesis and Targeted Therapy in Onco\u2010Immuno\u2010Hematology (LIM\u201031), Department of Hematology Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0623-1999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Shoko","family":"Nishiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research & Transfusion Medicine Pro\u2010Blood Foundation\/Blood Center of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Pathogenesis and Targeted Therapy in Onco\u2010Immuno\u2010Hematology (LIM\u201031), Department of Hematology Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Norival","family":"Kesper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Laoratorio de Parasitologia Instituto de Medicina Tropical S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerenice Esdras","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Instituto Adolf Lutz S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia Maria","family":"de Castro Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine University of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Derriga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research & Transfusion Medicine Pro\u2010Blood Foundation\/Blood Center of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katia Cristina","family":"Dantas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine University of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia Petrossi Gallo","family":"Polato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research & Transfusion Medicine Pro\u2010Blood Foundation\/Blood Center of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nanci Alves","family":"Salles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research & Transfusion Medicine Pro\u2010Blood Foundation\/Blood Center of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose Angelo Lauletta","family":"Lindoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Laoratorio de Parasitologia Instituto de Medicina Tropical S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tila","family":"Fanciani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research & Transfusion Medicine Pro\u2010Blood Foundation\/Blood Center of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8490-4634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesar","family":"de Almeida\u2010Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research & Transfusion Medicine Pro\u2010Blood Foundation\/Blood Center of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine University of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanderson","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research & Transfusion Medicine Pro\u2010Blood Foundation\/Blood Center of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Pathogenesis and Targeted Therapy in Onco\u2010Immuno\u2010Hematology (LIM\u201031), Department of Hematology Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Alfredo","family":"Mendrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Research & Transfusion Medicine Pro\u2010Blood Foundation\/Blood Center of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Investigation in Pathogenesis and Targeted Therapy in Onco\u2010Immuno\u2010Hematology (LIM\u201031), Department of Hematology Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas, Faculty of Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946202062092"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011142"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania DNA in blood donors from Teresina, Brazil","volume":"53","author":"Lima LVR","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","first-page":"153","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania infantum DNA by PCR in healthy blood donors in Iran","volume":"38","author":"Shahbazi F","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transfus Apher Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2512.190164"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o de Leishmania 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leishmaniasis exposure in urban blood donors","volume":"43","author":"Coelho LHA","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","first-page":"567","article-title":"Distribui\u00e7\u00e3o espacial da leishmaniose visceral em humanos e c\u00e3es no Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo, Brasil, entre 1999 e 2016","volume":"51","author":"Silva AR","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"}],"container-title":["Vox 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