{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T22:18:59Z","timestamp":1789165139051,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781568000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vox Sanguinis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background and Objectives<\/jats:title>\n In Poland, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence in the general population is lower than in other developed countries, and men who have sex with men (MSM) are not deferred from donating blood. The aim of the study was to analyse the epidemiology of HIV in Polish blood donors after the introduction of mandatory HIV RNA screening (for the period 2005\u20132023).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n HIV test results using anti\u2010HIV (third\u2010 or fourth\u2010generation tests) and HIV RNA using transcription\u2010mediated amplification or PCR methods (individual donations [IDT]\u2010minipool [MP] 24) were analysed in 23,215,295 donations from 11,179,429 donors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The mean infection rate per 100,000 donors was 6.48 for all and 6.22 and 0.26 for seropositive and seronegative infections, respectively. Seronegative infections occurred 5.8 (1.4\u201325)\u2010fold more often in repeat donors than in first\u2010time donors. Almost 25% of\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010infected donors donated blood within 100\u2009days since\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n acquisition (analysis of Fiebig scale). In four donors, discordant results were identified, indicating elite controller infection, antiretroviral treatment (\n ART<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) or\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n prophylaxis and vaccination. No\n HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n transmission by transfusion was recorded in look\u2010back, and the residual risk for red blood cells (\n RBCs<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) (Weusten model) dropped from 0.129 for\n MP24<\/jats:styled-content>\n at the beginning to 0.019 for\n MP6<\/jats:styled-content>\n and 0.0051 per million units for \u2010\n Individual donation\u2010nuclec acid testing<\/jats:styled-content>\n , recently.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n The HIV incidence in blood donors in Poland, compared to other developed countries, was high, despite the low rates reported by epidemiological surveillance. NAT is an effective addition to serological screening in reducing residual risk of HIV transmission by possible test\u2010seeking blood donors in Poland.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.70306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T03:00:19Z","timestamp":1781665219000},"page":"1356-1365","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Significance of nucleic acid testing for transfusion safety in a country without deferral of men who have sex with men: Epidemiology of\n HIV<\/scp>\n among Polish blood donors and residual transfusion\u2010transmission risk, 2005\u20132023"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Ewa","family":"Sulkowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Noce\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izabela","family":"Gordziejewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Chrzanowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Kubicka\u2010Russel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aneta","family":"Kopacz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Kali\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Vermeulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Operations and Medical Division The South African National Blood Service Roodepoort Gauteng South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Grabarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology Institute of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"The Group of Polish Blood Transfusion Centers for Blood Borne Pathogens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198401123100201"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/esm.11.04.00618-en"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"ECDC HIV report. 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