{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T02:59:28Z","timestamp":1785380368950,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vox Sanguinis"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background and Objectives<\/jats:title>\n Nucleic acid testing (NAT) has improved blood safety by shortening the diagnostic window period (WP) for transfusion\u2010transmissible infections. Within the context of a national NAT\u2010based screening programme, this study evaluated temporal trends for hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among Turkish Red Crescent blood donors between 2015 and 2023.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n A retrospective analysis was conducted on 22,494,116 blood donations screened by serology and NAT. Prevalence, incidence and residual risk (RR) were estimated using standard incidence\/WP models. Temporal trends were evaluated using linear regression, and NAT yield was assessed cumulatively.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n The overall confirmed positivity (per 100,000 donors) was 288.5 for HBV, 16.2 for HCV and 14.8 for HIV. HBV and HCV showed significant downward trends (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.01), while HIV rose significantly (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.01). Cumulative NAT yields were 189.35, 2.94 and 2.15 per million donations for HBV, HCV and HIV, respectively. Between 2015 and 2023, the estimated overall RR per million donations declined for HBV (634.79 to 238.34) and HCV (1.69 to 0.99), but rose for HIV (4.08 to 11.40). Notably, the rising HIV RR\u2014contrasting with the decline for HCV\u2014was driven by increasing repeat\u2010donor incidence and differences in the WP models used for risk estimation.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n While NAT\u2010based screening was associated with low, declining RR for HBV and HCV, the rising HIV trajectory is concerning. This underscores the need for enhanced behavioural screening and donor selection strategies alongside molecular testing to address rising HIV risks.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.70324","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T02:27:08Z","timestamp":1785378428000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence, incidence and residual risk of HBV, HCV and HIV in Turkish Red Crescent blood donors: A 9\u2010year survey initiated with the implementation of nucleic acid testing (2015\u20132023)"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Mehmet Bak\u0131r","family":"Saygan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Middle Anatolia Regional Blood Centre Turkish Red Crescent Ankara T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soner","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology University of Health Sciences, G\u00fclhane Training and Research Hospital Ankara T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Can Murat","family":"Beker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aegean Regional Blood Centre Turkish Red Crescent Izmir T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d6zg\u00fcr R\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc","family":"G\u00fcner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Middle Anatolia Regional Blood Centre Turkish Red Crescent Ankara T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma Meri\u00e7","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Managing Board Turkish Red Crescent Ankara T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Buerger CS","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1340_17","article-title":"Nucleic acid amplification test: bridging the gap in blood safety & re\u2010evaluation of blood screening for cryptic transfusion\u2010transmitted infection among Indian donors","volume":"149","author":"Datta S","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","article-title":"Effectiveness of using nucleic acid amplification test to screen blood donors for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV: a tertiary care hospital experience from Pakistan","volume":"15","author":"Ali SM","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1159\/000496749","article-title":"History and future of nucleic acid amplification technology blood donor testing","volume":"46","author":"Roth WK","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transfus Med Hemother"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","unstructured":"Turkish Red Crescent.Activity Report 2023. Available from:https:\/\/www.kizilay.org.tr\/ms\/dokumanlar\/2024\/Kizilay_Faaliyet_Raporu_23_EN_2024.pdf. Last accessed 1 Sep 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"Guideline on epidemiological data on blood transmissible infections. European Medicines Agency Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP). Available from:https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/scientific\u2010guideline\/guideline\u2010epidemiological\u2010data\u2010blood\u2010transmissible\u2010infections\u2010revision\u20101_en.pdf. Last accessed 3 Sep 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"Guidelines on estimation of residual risk of HIV HBV or HCV infections via cellular blood components and plasma. WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization Sixty\u2010seventh report Annex4 WHO Technical Report Series No. 1004. Available from:https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/annex-4-trs-no-1004. 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