{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:38:22Z","timestamp":1792543102941,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vox Sanguinis"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background and Objectives<\/jats:title>\n \n To characterise\n FUT2<\/jats:italic>\n and\n FUT3<\/jats:italic>\n haplotype and genotype frequencies among 529 Shanghai Han voluntary blood donors, and quantify erythrocyte Le\u1d43 and Le\u1d47 expression via flow cytometry. This study extends the established\n Se\u02b7<\/jats:italic>\n \/c.418A>T partial\u2010secretor model to a large Chinese cohort using combined sequencing and quantitative red cell Lewis antigen flow cytometry.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Routine serological ABO grouping was performed. Flow cytometry was used to quantify Le\u1d43 and Le\u1d47 mean fluorescence intensity (MFI). Sanger sequencing combined with thymine\u2013adenine (TA) cloning was applied to resolve\n FUT2<\/jats:italic>\n \/\n FUT3<\/jats:italic>\n cis\u2010haplotypes. Owing to marked skewness and heteroscedasticity of MFI data, non\u2010parametric Mann\u2013Whitney\n U<\/jats:italic>\n tests with Bonferroni correction were used for subgroup comparisons.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 1046\n FUT2<\/jats:italic>\n alleles were genotyped: secretor (\n Se<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009575, 54.3%), weak\u2010secretor (\n Se\u02b7<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009443, 41.9%), non\u2010secretor (\n se<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u200928, 2.6%), with eight novel sequence variants. For\n FUT3<\/jats:italic>\n , 1053 alleles were resolved: functional (\n Le<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009806, 76.2%), loss\u2010of\u2010function (\n le<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n n<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009247, 23.3%), alongside five novel variants (0.5%).\n Se\u02b7<\/jats:italic>\n homozygosity elevated Le\u1d43 and reduced Le\u1d47 in carriers with functional\n FUT3<\/jats:italic>\n . Considerable inter\u2010individual variability persisted even among donors with identical\n ABO<\/jats:italic>\n \u2013\n FUT2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2013\n FUT3<\/jats:italic>\n genotypes.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n Erythrocyte Lewis antigen abundance is primarily governed by competitive substrate utilisation of a common type 1 precursor glycan by\n FUT2<\/jats:italic>\n and\n FUT3<\/jats:italic>\n glycosyltransferases. The residual heterogeneity indicates additional host factors beyond these three loci. This study validates the classic\n Se\u02b7<\/jats:italic>\n partial\u2010secretor model in a Chinese cohort and provides population reference data, rather than reporting unrecognised biosynthetic pathways.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.70383","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T23:51:21Z","timestamp":1792540281000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comprehensive analysis of Lewis antigen expression patterns in a Chinese blood donor cohort"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8347-0355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiewei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Group Reference Laboratory, Institute of Blood Transfusion Shanghai Blood Center Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Group Reference Laboratory, Institute of Blood Transfusion Shanghai Blood Center Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sha","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Group Reference Laboratory, Institute of Blood Transfusion Shanghai Blood Center Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyi","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Group Reference Laboratory, Institute of Blood Transfusion Shanghai Blood Center Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blood Group Reference Laboratory, Institute of Blood Transfusion Shanghai Blood Center Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"198","volume-title":"Immunohematology","author":"Liu DZ","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4632","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.9.4632","article-title":"Molecular cloning of a human genomic region containing the H blood group \u03b1(1,2)\u2010fucosyltransferase gene and two H locus\u2010related DNA restriction fragments","volume":"270","author":"Rouquier S","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"947","article-title":"Preliminary study on salivary ABO blood group substances and FUT2\/FUT3 gene polymorphisms in Chinese population","volume":"9","author":"Jin S","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin J Blood Transfus"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.21307\/immunohematology-2019-746","article-title":"Review: phenotyping for Lewis and secretor histo\u2010blood group antigens","volume":"12","author":"Henry SM","year":"1996","journal-title":"Immunohematology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9830","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.16.9830","article-title":"Molecular genetic analysis of the human Lewis histo\u2010blood group system. II. Secretor gene inactivation by a novel single missense mutation A385T in Japanese nonsecretor individuals","volume":"271","author":"Kudo T","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3224","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12183","article-title":"FUT1 and FUT2 genotyping analysis in Chinese para\u2010Bombay individuals: a summary including nine additional probands from Guangzhou, China","volume":"53","author":"Luo GP","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"417","article-title":"Genetic study of FUT1 and FUT2 in Chinese Bombay phenotype","volume":"21","author":"Guo ZH","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin J Med Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"601","article-title":"Polymorphisms of FUT3 gene related to Lewis blood group in Zhejiang Chinese population","volume":"14","author":"Xu XG","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Exp Hematol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1007\/s002770000212","article-title":"Lewis (FUT3) genotypes in Taiwanese, Thai, and Filipino populations","volume":"79","author":"Liu TC","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.1996.tb01300.x","article-title":"DNA sequencing and screening for point mutations in the human Lewis, FUT3, gene enables molecular genotyping of the human Lewis blood group system","volume":"70","author":"Elmgren A","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-1809.2001.6550429.x","article-title":"Polymorphism of the human ABO\u2010secretor locus, FUT2, in four populations in Asia","volume":"65","author":"Pang H","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","first-page":"166","article-title":"Lewis histo\u2010blood group system and associated secretory phenotypes","volume":"69","author":"Henry SM","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.1990.tb02057.x","article-title":"Investigation of Polynesian Lewis phenotypes. Evidence of a weak secretor phenotype","volume":"58","author":"Henry SM","year":"1990","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"62","article-title":"Plasma and red cell glycolipid patterns of Le(a+b+) and Le(a+b\u2212) Polynesians as further evidence of the weak secretor gene, Se\u02b7","volume":"65","author":"Henry SM","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1996.0293","article-title":"Homozygous expression of a missense mutation at nucleotide 385 in the FUT2 gene associates with the Le(a+b+) partial\u2010secretor phenotype in an Indonesian family","volume":"219","author":"Henry SM","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3120329","article-title":"Correlation of a missense mutation in the human secretor \u03b1(1,2)\u2010fucosyltransferase gene with the Lewis(a+b+) phenotype: a potential molecular basis for the weak secretor allele, Se\u02b7","volume":"312","author":"Yu LC","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"343","article-title":"Molecular basis for secretor type \u03b1(1,2)\u2010fucosyltransferase gene deficiency in a Japanese population","volume":"59","author":"Koda Y","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.13384","article-title":"Glycomapping the fine specificity of monoclonal and polyclonal Lewis antibodies with type\u2010specific kodecytes and FSL constructs on paper","volume":"56","author":"Williams E","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4640","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.9.4640","article-title":"Sequence and expression of a candidate for the human secretor blood group \u03b1(1,2)\u2010fucosyltransferase gene (FUT2). Homozygosity for an enzyme\u2010inactivating nonsense mutation commonly correlates with the nonsecretor phenotype","volume":"270","author":"Kelly RJ","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-005-1041-5","article-title":"The fusion allele of the FUT2 gene at a high frequency and a new se385 allele in a Korean population","volume":"84","author":"Park KU","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","first-page":"239","article-title":"Point mutations of FUT2 gene in Han Chinese population","volume":"16","author":"Su YQ","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chin J Blood Transfus"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470987018","volume-title":"Human blood groups","author":"Daniels G","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","first-page":"50","article-title":"Survey of blood group distribution among Chinese blood donors in Hong Kong","volume":"67","author":"Mak KH","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1699-0463.1951.tb05004.x","article-title":"Observations on the human group system Lewis","volume":"28","author":"Grubb R","year":"1951","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1423-0410.2009.01291.x","article-title":"Distribution of ABO blood group allele and identification of three novel alleles in the Chinese Han population","volume":"98","author":"Zhu F","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vox Sang"}],"container-title":["Vox Sanguinis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vox.70383","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/vox.70383","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vox.70383","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T23:51:24Z","timestamp":1792540284000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vox.70383"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"references-count":25,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vox.70383"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vox.70383","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0042-9007","1423-0410"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0042-9007","type":"print"},{"value":"1423-0410","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]]},"article-number":"vox.70383"}}