{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:23:32Z","timestamp":1791296612986,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,28]],"date-time":"2014-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["ISBT Science Series"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In August 2009, a group from the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AABB<\/jats:styled-content> (Stramer et\u00a0al., Transfusion 2009;99:1S\u201329S, Emerging Infectious Disease Agents and their Potential Threat to Transfusion Safety; <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.aabb.org\/resources\/bct\/eid\/Pages\/default.aspx\">http:\/\/www.aabb.org\/resources\/bct\/eid\/Pages\/default.aspx<\/jats:ext-link>) published a Supplement to Transfusion that reviewed emerging infectious disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EID<\/jats:styled-content>) agents that pose a real or theoretical threat to transfusion safety, but for which an existing effective intervention is lacking. The necessary attributes for transfusion transmission were outlined including: presence of the agent in blood during the donor's asymptomatic phase, the agent's survival\/persistence in blood during processing\/storage, and lastly that the agent must be recognized as responsible for a clinically apparent outcome in at least a proportion of recipients who become infected. Without these attributes, agents are not considered as a transfusion\u2010transmission threat and were excluded. Sixty\u2010eight such agents were identified with enough evidence\/likelihood of transfusion transmission (e.g., blood phase) and potential for clinical disease to warrant further consideration. In the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>upplement, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">F<\/jats:styled-content>act <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>heets (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FS<\/jats:styled-content>) were published providing information on: agent classification; disease agent's importance; clinical syndromes\/diseases caused; transmission modes (including vectors\/reservoirs); likelihood of transfusion transmission, and if proven to be transfusion\u2010transmitted, information on known cases; the feasibility\/predicted success of interventions for donor screening (questioning) and tests available for diagnostics\/ adapted for donor screening; and finally, the efficacy, if known, of inactivation methods for plasma\u2010derived products. The Supplement included a separate section on pathogen reduction using published data. Agents were prioritized relative to their scientific\/epidemiologic threat and their perceived threat to the community including concerns expressed by the regulators of blood. Agents given the highest priority due to a known transfusion\u2010transmission threat and severe\/fatal disease in recipients were the v<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CJD<\/jats:styled-content> prion, dengue viruses and the obligate red\u2010cell parasite that causes babesiosis (<jats:italic><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">B<\/jats:styled-content>.\u00a0microti<\/jats:italic> and related <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic>). Although the focus of the Supplement was towards the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">U<\/jats:styled-content>nited <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">S<\/jats:styled-content>tates and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>anada, many of the agents (and the process) are applicable worldwide.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Next steps<\/jats:title><jats:p>Since the publication of the Supplement, six new <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FS<\/jats:styled-content>s (yellow fever viruses\u2010including vaccine breakthrough infections, miscellaneous arboviruses, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">XMRV<\/jats:styled-content>, human parvoviruses\/bocaviruses other than B19, and most recently the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MERS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>o<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">V<\/jats:styled-content>) were added and 14 existing FSs updated (Anaplasma, Babesia, Bartonella, Erhlichia, chronic wasting disease\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CWD<\/jats:styled-content>, human prions other than <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">vCJD<\/jats:styled-content>, v<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CJD<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:italic> <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">C<\/jats:styled-content>oxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic>\u2010the agent of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Q<\/jats:styled-content> fever, dengue viruses, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HAV<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> HEV<\/jats:styled-content>, Japanese encephalitis\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">JE<\/jats:styled-content> complex, tick\u2010borne encephalitis viruses\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TBEV<\/jats:styled-content>, and human parvovirus B19). Also, tables were released outlining pathogen reduction clinical trials\/results (published) and availability\/commercial routine use of such technologies by country. Of necessity, the list of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EID<\/jats:styled-content> agents is not, and can never be, complete due to the nature of emergence. We recognized that a system of assessing the risk\/threat of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EID<\/jats:styled-content>s for their potential impact on blood safety and availability must include processes for monitoring, identifying, evaluating, estimating severity, assessing risk and developing interventions. Thus, a \u2018toolkit\u2019 containing the necessary \u2018tools\u2019 from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EID<\/jats:styled-content> monitoring (horizon scanning) to validation\/effectiveness evaluations of interventions is being developed. The goal is, to develop a systematic approach to risk assessment and intervention development for the impact of emerging infectious upon blood safety intended to educate and provide advise about risks\/interventions in a timely\/accurate fashion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The process and final product (toolkit) including methods to monitor <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EID<\/jats:styled-content> agent emergence, identification\/recognition of a transfusion\u2010transmission threat, methods for quantitative risk assessments, and the appropriate management of such threats should be considered for implementation by all blood systems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/voxs.12070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,23]],"date-time":"2014-07-23T08:18:17Z","timestamp":1406103497000},"page":"30-36","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"title":["Current perspectives in transfusion\u2010transmitted infectious diseases: emerging and re\u2010emerging infections"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"S. 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