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However, there remains only one approved, partially effective drug for sickle\u2010cell disease\u2014hydroxyurea (hydroxycarbamide). The world desperately needs better ways of both treating and preventing the recurrent painful vaso\u2010occlusive episodes pathognomonic of sickle\u2010cell disease as well as the end\u2010organ damage that still leads inexorably to severely shortened life expectancies throughout the world. Based on accumulating knowledge about how the abnormal red blood cells of sickle\u2010cell disease cause the double scourge of acute painful episodes and progressive end\u2010organ damage, both pharmaceutical enterprises and individual investigators are now pursuing multiple new avenues for treating sickle\u2010cell disease. As a result, many compounds are in active development, both in preclinical models as well as in phase I, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">II<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">III<\/jats:styled-content> clinical trials. These agents target many pathophysiologic processes thought to be critical in sickle\u2010cell disease, including the chemical and physical behaviour of haemoglobin S, cell adhesion, coagulation pathways, platelet activation, inflammatory pathway, and upregulation of haemoglobin F expression. In addition, recent explorations of the genetic variations that predispose to certain types of sickle\u2010cell disease\u2010related tissue injury, such as stroke or nephropathy, are expected to lead to the identification of drugs targeting the pathways uncovered by such work. Thus, the next five to 10 years holds a promise of new treatments for sickle\u2010cell disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/voxs.12305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,16]],"date-time":"2016-11-16T19:12:40Z","timestamp":1479323560000},"page":"239-247","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Developing new pharmacotherapeutic approaches to treating sickle\u2010cell disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"M. 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