{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T14:45:28Z","timestamp":1774017928333,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,3]],"date-time":"2014-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Radiology Ultrasound"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Epidural injections are commonly performed blindly in veterinary medicine. The aims of this study were to describe the lumbosacral ultrasonographic anatomy and to assess the feasibility of an ultrasound\u2010guided epidural injection technique in dogs. A cross sectional anatomic atlas of the lumbosacral region and ex vivo ultrasound images were obtained in two cadavers to describe the ultrasound anatomy and to identify the landmarks. Sixteen normal weight canine cadavers were used to establish two variations of the technique for direct ultrasound\u2010guided injection, using spinal needles or epidural catheters. The technique was finally performed in two normal weight cadavers, in two overweight cadavers and in five live dogs with radiographic abnormalities resulting of the lumbosacral spine. Contrast medium was injected and CT was used to assess the success of the injection. The anatomic landmarks to carry out the procedure were the seventh lumbar vertebra, the iliac wings, and the first sacral vertebra. The target for directing the needle was the trapezoid\u2010shaped echogenic zone between the contiguous articular facets of the lumbosacral vertebral canal visualized in a parasagittal plane. The spinal needle or epidural catheter was inserted in a 45\u00b0 craniodorsal\u2013caudoventral direction through the subcutaneous tissue and the interarcuate ligament until reaching the epidural space. CT examination confirmed the presence of contrast medium in the epidural space in 25\/25 dogs, although a variable contamination of the subarachnoid space was also noted. Findings indicated that this ultrasound\u2010guided epidural injection technique is feasible for normal weight and overweight dogs, with and without radiographic abnormalities of the spine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,3]],"date-time":"2014-09-03T11:55:11Z","timestamp":1409745311000},"page":"220-228","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["FEASIBILITY OF ULTRASOUND\u2010GUIDED EPIDURAL ACCESS AT THE LUMBO\u2010SACRAL SPACE IN DOGS"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Liotta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animals and Equidae Clinic Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Diagnostic Imaging Section University of Liege  Boulevard de Colonster, 20 B41 Liege 4000 Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Busoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animals and Equidae Clinic Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Diagnostic Imaging Section University of Liege  Boulevard de Colonster, 20 B41 Liege 4000 Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Valentina","family":"Carrozzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animals and Equidae Clinic, Anesthesia Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Li\u00e8ge  Li\u00e8ge Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Sandersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animals and Equidae Clinic, Anesthesia Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Li\u00e8ge  Li\u00e8ge Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annick","family":"Gabriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology and Pathology, Anatomy Section,\u2013 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Li\u00e8ge  Boulevard de Colonster, 20, B43 Liege 4000 Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9raldine","family":"Bolen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animals and Equidae Clinic Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Diagnostic Imaging Section University of Liege  Boulevard de Colonster, 20 B41 Liege 4000 Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","first-page":"309219","article-title":"Recent advances in epidural analgesia","volume":"2012","author":"Bauer M","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Res 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