{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T20:04:07Z","timestamp":1781899447874,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,2]],"date-time":"2015-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1427932800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Radiology Ultrasound"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>For accurate interpretation of magnetic resonance (MR) images of the equine brain, knowledge of the normal cross\u2010sectional anatomy of the brain and associated structures (such as the cranial nerves) is essential. The purpose of this prospective cadaver study was to describe and compare MRI and computed tomography (CT) anatomy of cranial nerves' origins and associated skull foramina in a sample of five horses. All horses were presented for euthanasia for reasons unrelated to the head. Heads were collected posteuthanasia and T2\u2010weighted MR images were obtained in the transverse, sagittal, and dorsal planes. Thin\u2010slice MR sequences were also acquired using transverse 3D\u2010CISS sequences that allowed mutliplanar reformatting. Transverse thin\u2010slice CT images were acquired and multiplanar reformatting was used to create comparative images. Magnetic resonance imaging consistently allowed visualization of cranial nerves II, V, VII, VIII, and XII in all horses. The cranial nerves III, IV, and VI were identifiable as a group despite difficulties in identification of individual nerves. The group of cranial nerves IX, X, and XI were identified in 4\/5 horses although the region where they exited the skull was identified in all cases. The course of nerves II and V could be followed on several slices and the main divisions of cranial nerve V could be distinguished in all cases. In conclusion, CT allowed clear visualization of the skull foramina and occasionally the nerves themselves, facilitating identification of the nerves for comparison with MRI images.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,2]],"date-time":"2015-04-02T22:02:53Z","timestamp":1428012173000},"page":"391-397","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["ANATOMICAL STUDY OF CRANIAL NERVE EMERGENCE AND SKULL FORAMINA IN THE HORSE USING MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Rita","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, Small Animal Teaching Hospital University of Liverpool, Leahurst  Neston CH64 7TE UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Malalana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, Philip Leverhulme Equine Hospital University of Liverpool, Leahurst  Neston CH64 7TE UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James Fraser","family":"McConnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, Small Animal Teaching Hospital University of Liverpool, Leahurst  Neston CH64 7TE UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Maddox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, Small Animal Teaching Hospital University of Liverpool, Leahurst  Neston CH64 7TE UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2011.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2001.tb00959.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2010.01783.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2005.00068.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2009.01556.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2000.tb01876.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2011.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","volume-title":"Veterinary neuroanatomy and clinical neurology","author":"Delahunta A","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","volume-title":"Sisson & Grossman's anatomy of domestic animals","author":"Getty R","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-012-0144-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2009.03.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","first-page":"47","article-title":"Constructive interference in steady state\u20103DFT MR imaging of the inner ear and cerebellopontine angle","volume":"14","author":"Casselman JW","year":"1993","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","first-page":"183","article-title":"Constructive interference in steady\u2010state\/FIESTA\u2010C clinical applications in neuroimaging","volume":"55","author":"Kulkarni M","journal-title":"J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2007.00212.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.100877"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Radiology &amp; Ultrasound"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fvru.12256","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fvru.12256","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vru.12256","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,30]],"date-time":"2023-09-30T01:28:43Z","timestamp":1696037323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vru.12256"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,2]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vru.12256"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vru.12256","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-8183","1740-8261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-8183","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-8261","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,2]]}}}