{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T15:05:35Z","timestamp":1775142335775,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,14]],"date-time":"2016-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1452729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Radiology Ultrasound"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Prevalence of subclinical middle ear lesions in dogs that undergo computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging of the head has been reported up to 41%. A predisposition in brachycephalics has been suggested, however evidence\u2010based studies are lacking. Aims of this retrospective cross\u2010sectional study were to compare CT characteristics of the middle ear in groups of nonbrachycephalic and brachycephalic dogs that underwent CT of the head for conditions unrelated to ear disease, and test associations between thickness of the soft palate and presence of subclinical middle ear lesions. One observer recorded CT findings for each dog without knowledge of group status. A total of 65 dogs met inclusion criteria (25 brachycephalic, 40 nonbrachycephalic). Brachycephalic dogs had a significantly thicker bulla wall (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 2.38 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u221226<\/jats:sup>) and smaller luminal volume (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 5.74 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u221220<\/jats:sup>), when compared to nonbrachycephalic dogs. Soft palate thickness was significantly greater in the brachycephalic group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 2.76 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>\u22129<\/jats:sup>). Nine of 25 brachycephalic dogs had material in the lumen of the tympanic cavity, compared to zero of 45 of nonbrachycephalics. Within the brachycephalic group, a significant difference in mean soft palate thickness was identified for dogs with material in the middle ear (12.2 mm) vs. air\u2010filled bullae (9 mm;<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.016). Findings from the current study supported previous theories that brachycephalic dogs have a greater prevalence of subclinical middle ear effusion and smaller bulla luminal size than nonbrachycephalic dogs. Authors recommend that the bulla lumen volume formula previously developed for mesaticephalic dogs, (\u22120.612 + 0.757 [lnBW]) be adjusted to 1\/3(\u22120.612 + 0.757 [lnBW]) for brachycephalic breeds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,14]],"date-time":"2016-01-14T22:53:50Z","timestamp":1452812030000},"page":"137-143","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["COMPARISON BETWEEN COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MIDDLE EAR IN NONBRACHYCEPHALIC AND BRACHYCEPHALIC DOGS WITH OBSTRUCTIVE AIRWAY SYNDROME"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Raquel","family":"Salg\u00fcero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Davies Veterinary Specialists Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion Hitchin Hertfordshire SG5 3HR UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Herrtage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen's Veterinary School Hospital University of Cambridge Madingley Road Cambridge CB3 0ES UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen's Veterinary School Hospital University of Cambridge Madingley Road Cambridge CB3 0ES UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paddy","family":"Mannion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cambridge Radiology Referrals The Bunker, University of Cambridge Vet School Madingley Road Cambridge CB3 0ES UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Ladlow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen's Veterinary School Hospital University of Cambridge Madingley Road Cambridge CB3 0ES UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2004.04025.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.b4886"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.101337"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2003.tb00151.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2000.tb00426.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2011.01873.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of ear disease in dogs undergoing multidetector thin\u2010slice computed tomography of the head","volume":"55","author":"Foster A","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(03)00118-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2003.tb01262.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.176.2.2367654"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0720-048X(01)00376-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-6665(20)30365-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_1","first-page":"731","volume-title":"Miller's anatomy of the dog","author":"Evans HE","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2002.tb00437.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2005.00089.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1985.46.06.1351","article-title":"Tympanographic volume measurements of the canine ear","volume":"46","author":"Forsythe WB","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","author":"Souchu L","year":"2011","journal-title":"Morphological comparison of the middle ear between French Bulldogs and non\u2010brachycephalic dogs, ECVS Proceedings"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2007.00216.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2007.00295.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2009.00742.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb00705.x","article-title":"Computed tomographic evidence of bulla effusion in cats with sinonasal disease","volume":"20","author":"Detweiller DA","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.100720"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12140"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.101817"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444311709.ch14","volume-title":"Neurology\u2014a queen square textbook","author":"Davies R","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of small tympanic bone spicules and drumstick\u2010like hyperostotic tympanic bone spicules in the middle ear cavity in dogs","volume":"55","author":"Parzefall B","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2003.tb01444.x"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Radiology &amp; Ultrasound"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fvru.12337","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vru.12337","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T04:11:33Z","timestamp":1748751093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vru.12337"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,14]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vru.12337"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vru.12337","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-8183","1740-8261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-8183","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-8261","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,14]]}}}