{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T06:16:17Z","timestamp":1784268977566,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,5]],"date-time":"2018-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1530748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Radiology Ultrasound"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite the increasing interest in the clinical neurology of birds, little is known about the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearance of the avian central nervous system, eye, and inner ear. The objective of this cadaveric study was to document the MRI anatomic features of the aforementioned structures using a high\u2010resolution 3.0 Tesla MRI system. The final study group consisted of 13 cadavers of the diurnal birds of prey belonging to six species. Images were acquired in sagittal, dorsal, and transverse planes using T1\u2010weighted and T2\u2010weighted turbo spin echo sequences. A necropsy with macroscopic analysis of the brain and spinal cord was performed on all cadavers. Microscopic examination of the brain was performed on one cadaver of each species; the spinal cord was examined in three subjects. Anatomic structures were identified on the magnetic resonance images based on histologic slices and available literature. Very good resolution of anatomic detail was obtained. The olfactory bulbs; cerebral hemispheres; diencephalon; optic lobe; cerebellum; pons; ventricular system; optic, trigeminal, and facial nerves; pineal and pituitary glands; as well as the semicircular canals of the inner ear were identified. Exquisite detail was achieved on the ocular structures. In the spinal cord, the gray and white matter differentiation and the glycogen body were identified. This study establishes normal MRI anatomy of the central nervous system, eye, and inner ear of the birds of prey; and may be used as a reference in the assessment of neurologic disorders or visual impairment in this group of birds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,6]],"date-time":"2018-07-06T04:53:58Z","timestamp":1530852838000},"page":"705-714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging anatomy of the central nervous system, eye, and inner ear in birds of prey"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2253-8405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa K.","family":"Sta\u0144czyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich  8057 Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda L.","family":"Velasco Gallego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich  8057 Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maricn","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Wroc\u0142aw University of Environmental and Life Sciences  Wroc\u0142aw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Michel","family":"Hatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich  8057 Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick R.","family":"Kircher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich  8057 Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In\u00e9s","family":"Carrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Counties Veterinary Specialist  Hangersley UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2014.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvex.2007.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"493","volume-title":"Clinical Avian Medicine","author":"Platt SR","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1996.tb01256.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02662508"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1647\/1082-6742(2000)014[0243:MRIIPB]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2003.tb00504.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1647\/1082-6742(2007)21[196:MRIIST]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1647\/2012-036R.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1647\/1082-6742-28.1.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2016.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"493","volume-title":"Handbook of Avian Anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Avium","author":"Breazile JE","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"331","volume-title":"Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere,Vol. 5. 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