{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:32:51Z","timestamp":1787063571011,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008096","name":"Virbac","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008096","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Radiology Ultrasound"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Contrast\u2010enhanced ultrasound may be helpful for detecting early renal microvascular damage and dysfunction in dogs. However, before this noninvasive imaging method can be tested as an early\u2010stage screening tool in clinical patients, an improved understanding of long\u2010term variation in healthy animals is needed. In this prospective, secondary, longitudinal, serial measurements study, variability of contrast\u2010enhanced ultrasound renal perfusion parameters was described for eight healthy dogs, using seven time points and a period of 83\u00a0weeks. Dogs were sedated with butorphanol (0.4\u00a0mg\/kg), and contrast\u2010enhanced ultrasound of each kidney was performed after an intravenous bolus injection of a microbubble contrast agent (0.04\u00a0mL\/kg). Time\u2010intensity curves were created from regions\u2010of\u2010interest drawn in the renal cortex and medulla. Intensity\u2010related parameters representing blood volume and time\u2010related parameters representing blood velocity were determined. A random\u2010effects model using restricted maximum likelihood was used to estimate variance components. Within\u2010dog coefficient of variation was defined as the ratio of the standard deviation over the mean. Time\u2010related parameters such as time\u2010to\u2010peak, rise and fall time had lowest within\u2010dog variability. Intensity\u2010related parameters such as peak enhancement, wash\u2010in and wash\u2010out area under the curve, total area under the curve, and wash\u2010in and washout rates had high within\u2010dog variability (coefficient of variation\u00a0&gt;\u00a045%). Authors therefore recommend the use of time\u2010related parameters for future studies of renal perfusion. Within\u2010dog variability for bilateral kidney measurements was extremely low, therefore contrast\u2010enhanced ultrasound may be particularly useful for detecting unilateral changes in renal perfusion. Future studies are needed to compare contrast\u2010enhanced ultrasound findings in healthy dogs versus dogs with renal disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,1]],"date-time":"2018-10-01T21:12:26Z","timestamp":1538428346000},"page":"201-209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Renal perfusion parameters measured by contrast\u2010enhanced ultrasound in healthy dogs demonstrate a wide range of variability in the long\u2010term"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2970-4357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisy J.X.","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University 9820 Merelbeke 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