{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:31:56Z","timestamp":1791289916400,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,25]],"date-time":"2019-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Radiology Ultrasound"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gastrointestinal disorders are an important cause of morbidity in box turtles (<jats:italic>Terrapene carolina Carolina<\/jats:italic>), however published information is currently lacking on the normal radiographic anatomy, transit, and emptying times of the gastrointestinal tract. A total of 15 healthy box turtles were recruited for this prospective, anatomic, reference interval study. Three\u2010view radiographic series (vertical beam dorsoventral, horizontal beam latero\u2010lateral, and horizontal beam rostrocaudal views) were acquired prior to contrast administration, and following contrast administration at 0, 20, 40, 60, and 90 min, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24\u00a0h post administration, and every 24\u00a0h thereafter until all contrast was eliminated (15\u00a0mL\/kg barium sulfate diluted to 30% weight per volume was administered via orogastric gavage). Vertical beam dorsoventral and horizontal beam latero\u2010lateral views were of excellent quality to identify gastrointestinal structures. The horizontal beam rostrocaudal view immediately postcontrast administration provided gastric and pyloric identification but had lesser diagnostic use at later time points due to anatomical superimposition. The gastrointestinal tract was composed of a tubular stomach, a pyloric sphincter near midline, a duodenum with a cranial flexure in the right cranial coelomic cavity, small intestines within the right coelom, a small cecal bulb, and a transverse and descending colon. Contrast media entered the large intestine by 24\u00a0h in all turtles, and a pyloro\u2010colic indentation was noted at the proximal descending colon. The large intestinal emptying was highly variable due to the interindividual variability of contrast sequestration within the cecal bulb. Findings from the current study serve as a reference on the gastrointestinal anatomy, transit, and emptying times in healthy eastern box turtles; and introduce a novel, horizontal beam, rostrocaudal view for gastrointestinal contrast studies in chelonians.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,26]],"date-time":"2019-07-26T00:55:01Z","timestamp":1564102501000},"page":"473-484","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Radiographic anatomy and barium sulfate contrast study of the gastrointestinal tract of eastern box turtles (<i>Terrapene carolina carolina<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Emma L.","family":"Houck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine  Raleigh North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eli B.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine  Raleigh North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mandy","family":"Womble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine  Raleigh North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0716-1387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory A.","family":"Lewbart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine  Raleigh North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2249-0904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia A.","family":"Petritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine  Raleigh North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1981.tb00574.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5818\/1529-9651-26.3-4.80"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2012-0071R.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2007-0101.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2006.00152.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2013.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2009.01619.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"180","article-title":"Radiographic anatomy and barium sulfate transit time of the gastrointestinal tract of the leopard tortoise (Testudo Pardalis)","volume":"27","author":"Taylor SK","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"183","article-title":"Gastrografin as a gastrointestinal contrast agent in the Greek tortoise (Testudo hermanni)","volume":"29","author":"Meyer J","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildl Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103.10.198"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"32","article-title":"Radiological anatomy and barium sulfate contrast transit time in the gastrointestinal tract of the red\u2010footed tortoise (Geochelone carbonaria)","volume":"12","author":"Pizzutto CS","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bol La Assoc Herpetol Esp"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"431","article-title":"Radiographic anatomy aspects and gastrointestinal transit time in Podocnemis unifilis Troschel, 1848 (Testudines, Podocnemididae)","volume":"4","author":"Luiz A","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Sci Biol Sci Mar"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1658-354X.206808"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","unstructured":"Moraes Machado BritoF.Aspectos anitomo radiogrifcos e tempo do tr\u00e2nsito gastrintestinal em c\u00e1gado de BarbichaPhrynops geoffroanusSchweigger 1812 (Testudines Chelidae).2007.https:\/\/repositorio.ufu.br\/bitstream\/123456789\/13163\/1\/FMMBritoDISPRT.pdf. 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