{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T16:55:31Z","timestamp":1778000131311,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,14]],"date-time":"2020-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Radiology Ultrasound"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Canine schistosomiasis, caused by the trematode <jats:italic>Heterobilharzia americana<\/jats:italic>, can pose a diagnostic challenge due to nonspecific symptoms. The aim of this multicenter, retrospective, descriptive study was to compare the prevalence and extent of sonographic changes associated with schistosomiasis between affected and infection\u2010free dogs. Medical records of two referral centers were searched for dogs with confirmed schistosomiasis that had undergone an abdominal ultrasound. Fifty\u2010five cases fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and a contemporaneous control group was derived from dogs that tested negative for <jats:italic>H. americana<\/jats:italic>. Two blinded reviewers evaluated the images. The majority of <jats:italic>Heterobilharzia<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected (further termed H\u2010pos) dogs (82%) had ultrasonographic abnormalities in the small intestine \u00b1 liver. Abnormal layering of the small intestine was noted in 38 of 54 H\u2010pos dogs, compared to six of 54 control dogs (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.0001). Pinpoint hyperechoic foci were noted in the small intestinal submucosa or muscularis layers in 25 of 54 H\u2010pos dogs, but only three controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.0001). Heterogeneity of the hepatic parenchyma and pinpoint hyperechoic foci were more prevalent in H\u2010pos dogs (65%\u00a0vs 40%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.0213 and 44%\u00a0vs 18%; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.0068, respectively). Pinpoint hyperechoic foci within mesenteric lymph nodes were noted in seven H\u2010pos dogs and none of the controls (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.0128). The combination of heterogeneous small intestine wall layering and pinpoint hyperechoic foci in small intestine, liver, or mesenteric lymph nodes was the most reliable indication of infection (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.0001; odds ratio = 36.87), with positive predictive value of 94%, yet modest sensitivity for the detection of infection (58%). Observing these sonographic features suggests schistosomiasis and should prompt further testing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12874","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,14]],"date-time":"2020-06-14T13:48:56Z","timestamp":1592142536000},"page":"583-591","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Sonographic findings of pinpoint hyperechoic foci in the small intestine, liver, and mesenteric lymph nodes are indicative of canine <i>Heterobilharzia americana<\/i> infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4596-8616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina S.","family":"Moshnikova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota  Saint Paul Minnesota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5521-8301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsey J.","family":"Gilmour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&amp;M University  College Station Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Audrey K.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Texas A&amp;M University  College Station Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Fabiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Imaging Gulf Coast Veterinary Specialists  Houston Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.03.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"1775","article-title":"Certain aspects of the biology and life cycle of Heterobilharzia americana in east central Texas","volume":"42","author":"Goff WL","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-36-1-20"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"E1","article-title":"Canine schistosomiasis in North America: An underdiagnosed disease with an expanding distribution","volume":"32","author":"Johnson EM","year":"2010","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Vet"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2002.220.193"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-5580"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.248.7.827"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0429.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/15473317-37-4-349"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.246.4.411"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985815598208"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638711407894"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/0460203"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2011.01831.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","unstructured":"BishopMA SuchodolskiJS SteinerJM.Development of a PCR test for the detection of Heterobilharzia americana DNA in dog feces. 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