{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T17:12:09Z","timestamp":1784308329237,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Radiology Ultrasound"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Aberrant <jats:italic>Dirofilaria immitis<\/jats:italic> migrans is a rare cause of neurologic signs in dogs, however, published studies describing the computed tomographic (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of this problem are currently lacking. The objective of this retrospective case series study was to describe the clinical and imaging findings for four adult dogs with verminous myelopathy due to aberrant <jats:italic>Dirofilaria immitis<\/jats:italic> migrans within the cervical subarachnoid space. All dogs were toy breeds, were heartworm antigen positive, had neurologic signs (ranging from cervical hyperesthesia to tetraparesis), and similar MRI findings. In two patients additionally imaged with CT, findings were variable. On MRI, each dog had a single large, dorsal\u2010 to laterally located, intradural\u2010extramedullary, fusiform mass with characteristic stippled, mixed T2\u2010weighted and T1\u2010weighted signal intensity, hypo\u2010to\u2010iso T1\u2010weighted signal intensity, and spinal cord compression. Nematodes were identified as serpentine or circular subarachnoid structures with low T2\u2010weighted and T1\u2010weighted signal in the sagittal and transverse image planes, respectively. CT (n\u00a0=\u00a02 dogs) demonstrated focal regions of mildly enhancing intradural\u2010extramedullary spinal cord compression in 1 dog. Dorsal laminectomy and durotomy were performed in two dogs at C3\u2010C4. A C4\u20105 hemilaminectomy with durotomy and dural biopsy was performed in one dog. Extraction of live, immature adult, female <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic> worms was performed in three dogs. Operated dogs had complete post\u2010surgical resolution of clinical signs. One dog was euthanized without surgery; necropsy revealed an adult heartworm in the spinal subarachnoid space at C2. Findings indicated that cervical spinal subarachnoid <jats:italic>D. immitis<\/jats:italic> aberrant migration should be considered as a differential diagnosis for dogs with this combination of clinical and CT\/MRI imaging findings, and that the prognosis may be good with early detection and surgical removal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,2]],"date-time":"2021-02-02T20:30:58Z","timestamp":1612297858000},"page":"299-308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Verminous myelopathy secondary to aberrant <i>Dirofilaria immitis<\/i> migrans was detected in the cervical subarachnoid space of four dogs using MRI and CT"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Michaela J.","family":"Beasley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Division of Agriculture Forestry and Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University  Mississippi State Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth C.","family":"Hiebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences Virginia\u2010Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine  Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cody","family":"Alcott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tucson Veterinary Specialists  Tucson Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Jeffery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Clinical Sciences Texas A&amp;M University College Station  College Station Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brooklynn","family":"LaFoon\u2010Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MedVet Columbus  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0017-1235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Gambino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telemedicine Specialists IDEXX Laboratories Inc  Westbrook Maine USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"370","volume-title":"Small animal cardiovascular medicine textbook","author":"Kittleson MD","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","first-page":"381","article-title":"Dirofilaria immitis in the spinal cavity of a dog","volume":"29","author":"Hongo K","year":"1967","journal-title":"J Jap Vet Med Asso"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"656","article-title":"Recurrent cervical pain and ataxia in a Chihuahua","volume":"98","author":"Healey 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Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"490","article-title":"Dirofilaria immitis in the brain and heart of a cat from Massachusetts","volume":"12","author":"Cusick PK","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"518","article-title":"Dirofilaria immitis in the brains of a dog and a cat","volume":"164","author":"Donahoe JM","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"Posterior paralysis caused by epidural Dirofilariasis in a dog","volume":"17","author":"Luttgen PJ","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"1340","article-title":"Epidural dirofilariasis causing paraparesis in a dog","volume":"180","author":"Shires PK","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) in the brain of the cat\u2010 review and case report","volume":"33","author":"Ader P","year":"1979","journal-title":"California Veterinarian"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","unstructured":"NelsonCT McCallJW JonesS MoorheadA editors.American Heartworm Society and Guidelines 2019 [2019 [Internet; last accessed 2020 July 11]. Available from:www.heartwormsociety.org\/veterinary-resources\/american-heartworm-society-guidlines."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Radiology &amp; Ultrasound"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vru.12954","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/vru.12954","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vru.12954","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T07:41:50Z","timestamp":1693554110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vru.12954"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vru.12954"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vru.12954","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-8183","1740-8261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-8183","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-8261","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-05-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-23","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-02-01","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}