{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T16:20:14Z","timestamp":1769098814846,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Radiology Ultrasound"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Knowledge of lagomorph confluence sinuum anatomy on contrast\u2010enhanced CT may prevent the misdiagnoses of intracranial, extra\u2010axial masses. The purpose of this retrospective, observational, descriptive study was to describe the characteristics of the confluence sinuum in rabbits on contrast\u2010enhanced CT. Images of 24 rabbits who had pre\u2010 and postcontrast CT sequences of the skull were reviewed by an American College of Veterinary Radiology\u2010certified veterinary radiologist and third\u2010year radiology resident. Degree of contrast enhancement within the region of the confluence sinuum was graded based on consensus as no (0), mild (1), moderate (2), or marked (3) contrast enhancement. Hounsfield units (HU) of the confluence sinuum was measured in three different regions of interest, averaged for each patient, and divided into each group for comparison using one\u2010way ANOVA analysis. Contrast enhancement was mild in 45.8% (11\/24) rabbits, moderate in 33.3% (8\/24), marked in 20.8% (5\/24), and none in 0.0% (0\/24). There were significant differences (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) between the average HU of the mild and marked group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value\u00a0=\u00a00.0001) and moderate and marked groups (P\u2010value\u00a0=\u00a00.0010). Two rabbits with marked contrast enhancement were initially misdiagnosed with an intracranial, extra\u2010axial mass along the parietal lobe based on contrast\u2010enhanced CT. On necropsy, no gross or histopathological abnormalities were identified in the brain for these rabbits. In summary, contrast enhancement was identified in all rabbits (24\/24) on contrast\u2010enhanced CT imaging . This normal structure can be variable in size should not be mistaken for a pathological lesion in the absence of mass effect, secondary calvarial lysis, or hyperostosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.13243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]],"date-time":"2023-05-03T16:18:56Z","timestamp":1683130736000},"page":"640-645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Variations in the morphology of lagomorph confluence sinuum on contrast enhanced CT"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7616-7646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelsey","family":"Jorge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Dr.  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Tolliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Dr.  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Gasper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Dr.  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Mans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Dr.  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0219-6919","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seng Wai","family":"Yap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, 2015 Linden Dr.  Madison Wisconsin USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Miller and Evans' anatomy of the dog","author":"Hermanson JW","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1982.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvir.2006.12.720"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.10.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-015-0139-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.71.3.293"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jepm.2008.05.007"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","first-page":"116","article-title":"Computed tomography of the rabbit head without general anaesthesia","volume":"95","author":"Boehler A","year":"2008","journal-title":"Wiener Tierarztliche Monatsscherift"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2010.04.020"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","first-page":"56","article-title":"Superior sagittal sinus bifurcation variation","volume":"10","author":"\u00d6zen OA","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Gen Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000146661"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-018-3763-4"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Radiology &amp; 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