{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:08:47Z","timestamp":1785427727466,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022271","name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Radiology Ultrasound"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study compared skull morphology and ocular parameters in brachycephalic (BC, <jats:italic>n\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a016) and nonbrachycephalic (NB, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a016) dogs using head CT scans. The results of a Schirmer tear test I (STT I), intraocular pressure (IOP), ocular biometry, external structure, ocular protrusion, and palpebral fissure dimensions were evaluated and compared between BC and NB dogs. There were no statistically significant differences in the STT I results, IOP, globe dimensions, globe volume, internal structure, and external structure between BC and NB dogs (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&gt;\u00a0.05). Brachycephalic dogs exhibited significantly greater ocular protrusion and significantly larger palpebral fissure dimensions compared with NB dogs. For all dogs, we found a strong positive correlation between globe volume and body weight (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.836, <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0.0000). The globe volumes, external structure parameters, and ocular protrusion were normalized by body weight and were also significantly larger in BC dogs compared with NB dogs (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001). The ocular protrusion (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.521, <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a0.0000) and horizontal palpebral fissure (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.372, <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0.0024) showed a moderate positive correlation with the cephalic index (CI). Additionally, normalized globe volume (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.435, <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0.0003), normalized orbital depth (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.419, <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0.0005), and normalized retrobulbar depth (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.444, <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0.0002) had a moderate positive correlation with the CI. The study emphasizes how the distinctive skull structure of BC dogs, with shortened facial bones and thickened retrobulbar soft tissue, influences their ocular appearance and raises the risk of eye problems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.13351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T12:29:35Z","timestamp":1714393775000},"page":"437-446","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Comparative analysis of ocular biometry, ocular protrusion, and palpebral fissure dimensions in brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic dog breeds"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3697-5766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuanwan","family":"Rujirekasuwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand"},{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9373-6169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panpicha","family":"Sattasathuchana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5717-9358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wutthiwong","family":"Theerapan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0815-0743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naris","family":"Thengchaisri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73088-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40575-016-0032-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"Kennel Club.Kennel Club registrations. Comparative tables of registrations for the years 2012\u20132021 inclusive. Available from:https:\/\/www.thekennelclub.org.uk\/media\/2400\/10yrstatsutility.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080529"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149403"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88702-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000073756"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","volume-title":"Miller's anatomy of the dog","author":"Evans HE","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","volume-title":"Slatter's Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology","author":"Maggs D","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1995.206.08.1186"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13620-021-00183-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","first-page":"777","article-title":"Brachycephalic breed disease prevalence study","volume":"58","author":"Feng T","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123827"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12808"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/coan.2020.0056"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Slatter's Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology","author":"Maggs DJ","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.227.244"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","first-page":"533","article-title":"The eye examination and diagnostic procedures","volume":"5","author":"Featherstone H","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet ophthalmol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12832"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2005.00437.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2010.00820.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2009.00717.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2002.63.159"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.69.4.527"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5326\/0420207"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13382"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-5224.1998.00024.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1994.205.09.1286"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Diurnal variations in intraocular pressure in normotensive and glaucomatous Beagles","volume":"3","author":"Gelatt K","year":"1981","journal-title":"Glaucoma"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12441"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","first-page":"331","article-title":"Ophthalmic ultrasound of dogs with different skull conformations","volume":"8","author":"Toni MC","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ci\u00eanc Agr\u00e1r"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"Comparative study on ocular anatomical features among rabbits, beagle dogs and cynomolgus monkeys","volume":"32","author":"Atsumi I","year":"2013","journal-title":"\u6bd4\u8f03\u773c\u79d1\u7814\u7a76"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","first-page":"372","volume-title":"Slatter's Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology","author":"Miller PE","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2020.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2006.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asj.2008.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5503"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00186"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Radiology &amp; Ultrasound"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vru.13351","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,19]],"date-time":"2024-07-19T05:38:53Z","timestamp":1721367533000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vru.13351"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vru.13351"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vru.13351","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-8183","1740-8261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-8183","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-8261","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-04-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}