{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T15:21:21Z","timestamp":1780413681722,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Radiology Ultrasound"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tracheal narrowing may increase airflow resistance, resulting in clinical manifestations associated with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS). When diagnosing tracheal hypoplasia, established values are based on measurements established for English bulldogs or non\u2010specific \u201cbulldog\u201d breeds. The objective of this study was to investigate tracheal diameter ratios in French bulldogs to gain a better understanding of what would constitute tracheal hypoplasia in this breed. A retrospective observational analysis was conducted to measure the right lateral thoracic radiographs of 139 French bulldogs to investigate tracheal diameter ratios. Pulmonary disease was observed in 55\/139 dogs. The mean TD:Ti for healthy French bulldogs was 0.15 (\u00b10.02), and the mean TD:ML was 0.32 (\u00b10.07). 44\/84 dogs had a TD:Ti\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.15 (\u00b10.02), and 37\/65 dogs had a TD:ML\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.32 (\u00b10.07). At least one thoracic vertebral anomaly was observed in 131\/139 of evaluated French bulldogs, and sternal malformations were observed in 42\/139 dogs. TD:ML showed an excellent interclass correlation between observers (ICC<jats:sub>inter<\/jats:sub> 0.9562). The listed covariables were compared for statistical significance when measuring relative tracheal ratios, and none were found. There was a statistically significant relationship between TD:Ti and sex. An objective value for tracheal hypoplasia in French bulldogs has previously not been established. The mean TD:Ti described for French bulldogs in this study is higher than that previously described in other \u201cbulldog\u201d populations. The mean TD:ML is similar to previously reported for non\u2010brachycephalic and non\u2010bulldog brachycephalic small breed dogs. The correlative relationship between TD:Ti and TD:ML was statistically significant but weak.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.13436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T10:29:53Z","timestamp":1727692193000},"page":"865-874","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of measurements for tracheal hypoplasia in French bulldogs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0120-905X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"du Preez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Specialist Hospital Adelaide, Small Animal Surgery Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Taggart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Specialist Hospital Adelaide, Small Animal Surgery Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nima","family":"Nakahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Specialist Hospital Adelaide, Small Animal Surgery Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonothan","family":"Tuke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer and Mathematical Sciences University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia Wen","family":"Siow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Specialist Hospital Adelaide, Small Animal Surgery Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/jvetres-2021-0027"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12418"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181928"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.111.3.58"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.235.7.835"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.237.9.1048"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12408"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(92)50306-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2022.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-0279(75)50066-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12526"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030662"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.20-0446"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12249"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2016.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2022.2145621"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","first-page":"971","article-title":"Radiographic tracheal dimensions in brachycephalic breeds before and after surgical treatment for brachycephalic airway syndrome","volume":"61","author":"Regier PJ","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of tracheal hypoplasia in brachycephalic and non\u2010brachycephalic dogs: inter\u2010 and intra\u2010observer agreement of measurements","author":"Sevcikova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Vet Hung"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","first-page":"570","article-title":"Tracheal diameter: analysis of radiographic measurements in brachycephalic and nonbrachycephalic dogs","volume":"18","author":"Harvey C","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12914"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223642"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1992.201.05.768"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03160-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12277"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15063"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1997.tb03308.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-023-03730-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-014-0079-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","volume-title":"irr: Various Coefficients of Interrater Reliability and Agreement. R Package Version 0.84.1","author":"Gamer M","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.80.2.189"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.10.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","unstructured":"The Most Popular Dog Breeds of 2022. Accessed March 3 2024.https:\/\/www.akc.org\/expert\u2010advice\/dog\u2010breeds\/most\u2010popular\u2010dog\u2010breeds\u20102022\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12286"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","first-page":"615","article-title":"Ebstein's anomaly in a French bulldog","volume":"13","author":"Sangwan T","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet Res Forum"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.13054"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.13067"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","unstructured":"Nationwide analysis of 50 000 dogs confirms brachycephalic breeds face increased health risks. Accessed March 3 2024.https:\/\/news.nationwide.com\/brachycephalic\u2010breeds\u2010analysis\u2010face\u2010increased\u2010health\u2010risks\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130741"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Radiology &amp; Ultrasound"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vru.13436","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,9]],"date-time":"2024-11-09T09:11:06Z","timestamp":1731143466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vru.13436"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vru.13436"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vru.13436","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1058-8183","1740-8261"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1058-8183","type":"print"},{"value":"1740-8261","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-03-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}