{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T02:56:40Z","timestamp":1789181800524,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]],"date-time":"2025-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BBS\/E\/RL\/230002D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/RL\/230002D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Radiology Ultrasound"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Middle ear disease occurs frequently in dogs. CT has proven to be an excellent diagnostic tool for detecting middle ear structures, helping to achieve rapid and accurate diagnoses. Deep learning techniques are now widely used in CT scan\u2010based human medical image analysis, providing decision support and diagnostics. However, such techniques are currently underutilized in veterinary radiology. The focus of this study was to develop a deep learning model capable of diagnosing middle ear disease in dogs using CT images. To achieve this with a relatively small dataset, transfer learning and data augmentation techniques were applied. During the experimental phase of the study, we tested 10 binary classification models based on the ResNet architecture, combined with data augmentation and transfer learning, on a dataset consisting of a total of 535 canine CT images. We achieved a classification accuracy of up to 84.7%. The developed classifier, trained on relatively few CT images, can detect normal middle ears and middle ear disease in dogs with over 80% accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.70065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]],"date-time":"2025-07-26T16:34:11Z","timestamp":1753547651000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Deep Learning Can be Used to Classify the Disease Status of the Canine Middle Ear From Computed Tomographic Images"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5051-783X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhixuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics The University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5787-5073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oisin","family":"Mac Aodha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Informatics The University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4801-5151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carola Riccarda","family":"Daniel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies The University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8472-094X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Israeliantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies The University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1048-6908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Orekhova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies The University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8412-573X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies The University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3467-7007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Mellanby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies The University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7650-1598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Banks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roslin Institute The University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acra.2015.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.215.2.r00ma15554"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2017.12.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46723-8_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2019.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000000794"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.22.03.0093"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.13163"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11263\u2010015\u20100816\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K.He X.Zhang S.Ren andJ.Sun \u201cDeep Residual Learning for Image Recognition \u201d In:Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.;2016:770\u2013778. 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