{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T23:41:28Z","timestamp":1773013288387,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003621","name":"Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF\u20102021R1A2C200573011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF\u20102021R1A2C200573011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Radiology Ultrasound"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This study aimed to optimize magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) protocols for time\u2010resolved MRA imaging in dogs by using different injection rates and contrast volumes. In this experimental and prospective study, four protocols combining two flow rates (0.2 and 2.0\u00a0mL\/s) and two contrast volumes (0.2 and 0.4\u00a0mL\/kg, equivalent to 0.1 and 0.2\u00a0mmol\/kg gadolinium) were applied in five healthy beagle dogs. Quantitative measurements, including maximum signal intensity, peak enhancement time, diagnostic window, and signal homogeneity, were obtained for the common carotid artery and external jugular vein. Qualitative assessment included arterial visibility persistence, wall margin clarity, and artifact evaluation. Statistical comparisons were performed using the Friedman and Wilcoxon signed\u2010rank tests, and effect size analysis was used to further interpret nonsignificant trends. The low\u2010flow\u2013high\u2010volume protocol (0.2\u00a0mL\/s, 0.4\u00a0mL\/kg) yielded the longest diagnostic window and superior vessel visibility with minimal venous contamination, while maintaining comparable maximum signal intensity to higher flow rate protocols. Artifact\u2010related issues such as ringing and intravoxel dephasing were least observed in the low\u2010flow\u2013high\u2010volume protocol. Although high\u2010flow\u2013high\u2010volume protocol showed improved signal homogeneity, it was associated with greater artifact susceptibility. Interobserver agreement ranged from fair to substantial (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.457\u20130.681), with greater variability in artifact\u2010related scores. These findings suggest that a slower injection rate with higher contrast volume, as seen in the low\u2010flow\u2013high\u2010volume protocol, provides the best balance of image quality and diagnostic performance, supporting its recommendation as a preferred protocol for small\u2010animal time\u2010resolved MRA.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.70107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T09:41:38Z","timestamp":1768297298000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimization of Contrast Injection Protocols for Time\u2010Resolved MRA Technique in Dogs: A Comparative Study of Vascular Signal Characteristics and Artifacts"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8955-1373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunghwa","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science Seoul National University  Seoul South Korea"},{"name":"NEL Animal Medical Center  Anyang\u2010si Gyeonggi\u2010do South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3613-7887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunji","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science Seoul National University  Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2077-763X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junghee","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science Seoul National University  Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1258-7158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jihye","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science Seoul National University  Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ro.2009.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.1910360304"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1522-2586(199912)10:6<919::AID-JMRI3>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.70.1027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12533"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.80.2.168"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-006-0493-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.213.3.r99nv12913"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1200"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26349"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.11.7065"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.20767"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002142-199612000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.174.5.1741447"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10448"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-023-04457-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-018-0597-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2016.17.4.555"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2019.20.e38"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14233521"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000001098"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.206.2.9457200"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.5814"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2463\/mrms.11.91"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.1880060413"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1051-0443(07)61301-3"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Radiology &amp; 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