{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T23:41:54Z","timestamp":1773013314771,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768608000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Radiology Ultrasound"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Computed tomography (CT) is a common imaging modality used to evaluate for a pituitary macrotumor in dogs. However, a standard definition of a pituitary macrotumor based on imaging characteristics has not yet been established. The human definition of a pituitary mass that measures &gt;1\u00a0cm in diameter has previously been adopted for dogs but fails to account for variability in size, breed, and skull conformation. We hypothesized that normal pituitary gland size and macrotumor size vary by skull morphology. We also hypothesized that canine pituitary macrotumors may be smaller than 1\u00a0cm. In this retrospective, case\u2013control analytical study, contrast CT scans from 89 dogs with imaging\u2010diagnosed pituitary macrotumors and 89 dogs with normal pituitary glands were compared. The height, length, width, and volume of the pituitary gland, sella turcica, and brain were measured along with the brain area at the level of the pituitary gland. Of the pituitary macrotumors, 21.3% (19\/89) were smaller than 1\u00a0cm in height. Data support that a pituitary gland height &gt;0.60\u00a0cm or a pituitary volume of 0.17\u00a0cm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    may represent a macrotumor in brachycephalic dogs, and a pituitary gland height &gt;0.65\u00a0cm or a pituitary volume of 0.31\u00a0cm\n                    <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                    may represent a macrotumor in mesocephalic dogs; small numbers of dolichocephalic dogs precluded determination of cutoffs. These data provide a foundation for future studies to classify pituitary macrotumors on CT imaging according to skull conformation, thereby aiding in the detection, treatment, and response assessment of dogs with pituitary neoplasms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.70135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T11:54:56Z","timestamp":1768650896000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Defining Variations in the Size of Normal Pituitary Glands and Pituitary Macrotumors Based on Canine Skull Morphology"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Hannah V.","family":"Pham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9726-8879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelsey D.","family":"Brust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8315-1909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica A.","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Rosseel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7703-7720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael S.","family":"Kent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine  Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2021.105623"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003\u20104819\u2010112\u201012\u2010925"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","article-title":"Canine Pituitary Macrotumors","volume":"30","author":"Moore S. 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