{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T15:18:15Z","timestamp":1788016695699,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Radiology Ultrasound"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is a common neurological disorder in dogs and cats, leading to significant mobility issues and reduced quality of life. Traditional imaging modalities, including radiography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are integral to IVDD diagnosis, but each has limitations in visualizing soft tissues and requires specialized interpretation. Recent advancements in deep learning (DL), particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs), offer promising solutions by automating image analysis, enhancing diagnostic accuracy, and reducing human error. This study presents the development of a CNN\u2010based model for detecting disc herniation in CT images of small animals. A total of 1651 annotated CT images were curated from 64,602 scans to create a balanced dataset of healthy and herniated disc cases. Data preprocessing included image resizing, normalization, and extensive augmentation to improve generalization. The segmentation of intervertebral discs was performed using a U\u2010Net architecture, supplemented by synthetic mask generation with\n                    <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010means clustering and contrast enhancement via Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE). Classification employed a fine\u2010tuned Visual Geometry Group 16 (VGG16) model with transfer learning. This approach incorporated optimized layers for binary classification, leveraging dropout and batch normalization to prevent overfitting. The model demonstrated high classification accuracy, providing rapid and objective analysis of CT scans for IVDD diagnosis. By integrating DL with veterinary imaging, our research advances diagnostic capabilities, aiming for earlier detection and better therapeutic planning for small animals with spinal disorders. Future work includes expanding datasets and refining the model for broader clinical applicability.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.70161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T08:03:12Z","timestamp":1779436992000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Deep Learning for Diagnosis of Disc Herniation in Small Animals: A CNN\u2010Based Approach Using CT Imaging"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7712-0455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parham","family":"Soufizadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"AI &amp; Digital Transformation Al\u2010Sulaymanyia Company  Baghdad Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamed Famil","family":"Ghadakchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechatronics Engineering Tor Vergata University  Rome Italy"},{"name":"Elman S.r.l  Pomezia Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8940-3620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyyed Hossein Modarres","family":"Tonekabony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4038-4849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Molazem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.732953"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12183"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.579025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.656764"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2010.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1346816"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2018.00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2015.00024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2944676"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24018\/ejeng.2021.6.5.2491"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-bioeng-071516-044442"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54097\/8w12d064"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/14755"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13331"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-5150-pvb-6067"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12794"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.819262"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-023-06791-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/08465371231203508"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/e21111070"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2016.2635663"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.849447"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568220961353"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-2022-04"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2017.12.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1143986"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.13458"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10278-019-00227-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6560\/abfad9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1754-9485.13286"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Radiology &amp; 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