{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:29:43Z","timestamp":1787758183103,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Radiology Ultrasound"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Abdominal ultrasonography (AUS) is considered an important diagnostic tool for assessing pancreatic disease in dogs. However, AUS interpretation is highly subjective and operator\u2010dependent, with no prior studies evaluating observer variability in assessing the canine pancreas. This survey\u2010based, observer agreement study aimed to assess inter\u2010 and intra\u2010observer variability in the ultrasonographic evaluation of canine pancreases. Fifteen ultrasound images of dog pancreases were independently reviewed by 104 veterinary radiologists and radiology residents. Twenty\u2010four veterinary radiologists repeated the review approximately 2.5 months later. Assessments included relative echogenicity, echotexture, margination, and clinical interpretation. Agreement was quantified using Krippendorff's alpha (K\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), prevalence\u2010adjusted bias\u2010adjusted kappa (PABAK), Cohen's kappa (\u03ba), and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Average inter\u2010observer agreement was poor (K\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.34), whereas intra\u2010observer agreement was moderate (PABAK\u00a0=\u00a00.49). Global pancreatic echogenicity and echogenicity relative to mesenteric fat had the highest inter\u2010observer agreement (K\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.58 and 0.53, respectively) as did echotexture assessed by a semi\u2010objective scale (K\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.50). However, veterinary radiologists demonstrated poor inter\u2010observer agreement on the clinical significance (K\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.35) and prioritized cause (K\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.14) of the pancreatic heterogeneity. Observer variables (age, training level, experience, primary practice, and accrediting organization) had minimal effect on inter\u2010observer agreement, apart from experience, where early\u2010career radiologists (&lt;10 years\u2019 experience) demonstrated the highest inter\u2010observer agreement among all groups, with moderate agreement for global echogenicity (K\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.71). These findings highlight substantial variability in the ultrasonographic interpretation of the canine pancreas, particularly in clinical decision\u2010making. Standardization of assessment criteria is necessary to improve consistency, clinical validity, and reduce diagnostic uncertainty.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.70202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T06:59:48Z","timestamp":1780642788000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Survey on Inter\u2010 and Intra\u2010Observer Variations of the Ultrasound Assessment of Dog Pancreases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3028-0333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. B. S.","family":"Turner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science University of Melbourne  Werribee Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3239-1419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. M.","family":"Firestone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Science University of Melbourne  Werribee Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. R.","family":"Dunshea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Sciences University of Melbourne  Parkville Victoria Australia"},{"name":"School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Science The University of Leeds  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Mansfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Michigan State University  East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-4867-1.00011-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.3.433"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.12261"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-53337-9.00020-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1998.tb01651.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2007.00448.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.c4912"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02572.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","volume-title":"Small Animal Diagnostic Ultrasound","author":"Mattoon J.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781071878781"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2023.102545"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(96)00033-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10110953"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3181f42d69"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11030431"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2009.10.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000031106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2008.07.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2012.03.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2008.03.1046"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/302382"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0b013e3182016a25"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gie.2006.09.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5107(01)70401-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.13151"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Radiology &amp; 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