{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T08:58:47Z","timestamp":1790585927037,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Radiology Ultrasound"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Septic arthritis is an important cause of morbidity in calves, and radiographic interpretation may vary between observers, especially when structured scoring systems are used by less experienced readers. This single\u2010center retrospective reader study evaluated whether general\u2010purpose multimodal large language models (LLMs) could support rubric\u2010based radiographic scoring of presumptive septic carpal arthritis in calves. Fifty calves aged 0\u20133 months with clinical findings consistent with presumptive septic carpal arthritis were included, and one carpal radiograph per case was assessed. Two novice veterinary surgeons and three multimodal LLMs, ChatGPT\u20105, Gemini\u20102.5 Pro, and Claude Sonnet\u20104, independently scored each case using a Constant\u2010based ordinal radiographic scoring framework. Expert consensus served as the operational reference standard. Agreement with the reference was assessed using exact agreement, agreement within one score category, and quadratic weighted kappa. Novice 1 showed the highest concordance, with a mean exact agreement of 55.6%, mean \u00b11 agreement of 89.8%, and substantial agreement (mean\n                    <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>w<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.68; 95% CI, 0.56\u20130.80). ChatGPT\u20105 was the best\u2010performing model, achieving moderate agreement (mean exact agreement, 53.0%; mean \u00b11 agreement, 82.6%; mean\n                    <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>w<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.58; 95% CI, 0.41\u20130.72). Claude Sonnet\u20104 and Gemini\u20102.5 Pro showed slight agreement overall. The best\u2010performing novice reader remained more reliable than the evaluated models, although ChatGPT\u20105 performed comparably to, or better than, one novice evaluator in selected parameters. Selected LLMs may have limited adjunctive value for structured review or training, but not as replacements for human interpretation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/vru.70252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T08:34:51Z","timestamp":1790584491000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Agreement of Multimodal Large Language Models and Novice Readers With Expert\u2010Based Radiographic Scoring of Presumptive Septic Carpal Arthritis in Calves"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9798-8638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ay\u015fe G\u00f6lgeli","family":"Bedir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Atat\u00fcrk University  Erzurum Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0506-8999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esra","family":"Modo\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Atat\u00fcrk University  Erzurum Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8394-003X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tu\u011f\u00e7e","family":"Kartal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Atat\u00fcrk University  Erzurum Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1490-8832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00fc\u015fra","family":"Kibar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ayd\u0131n Adnan Menderes University  Ayd\u0131n Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8855-8847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00fcmin","family":"G\u00f6khan \u015eenocak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Atat\u00fcrk University  Erzurum Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4184-8879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d6mer Tar\u0131k","family":"Orhun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Necmettin Erbakan University  Konya Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2956-7548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferda","family":"Turgut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cukurova University  Adana Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1687-2327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"U\u011fur","family":"Ers\u00f6z","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Atat\u00fcrk University  Erzurum Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3580-7782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yakup","family":"Kocaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Yozgat Bozok University  Yozgat Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6104-8393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasemin","family":"Ak\u00e7ora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Atat\u00fcrk University  Erzurum Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2620-897X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u0131tk\u0131can","family":"Okur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Atat\u00fcrk University  Erzurum Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5890-8271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Latif Emrah","family":"Yanmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Mehmet Akif Ersoy University  Burdur Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.zemedi.2018.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.13401"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10050320"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.124.268072"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"181","article-title":"Comparison of the Effect of Two Different Joint Lavage Techniques on Survival Rate in Calves With Septic Arthritis: 248 Cases","volume":"29","author":"Orhun \u00d6. T.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Large Animal Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14737\/journal.rjvp\/2016\/4.4.66.70"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119333739","volume-title":"Bovine Surgery and Lameness","author":"Weaver A. 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