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During and within 48\u2009hours after surgery, electrocardiography (ECG) and impedance testing of the system were performed. Dogs were monitored daily and the impedance of the system was determined regularly until VNS devices were surgically removed 3 years after implantation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The implantation procedure was successful in all dogs without intraoperative complications. ECG monitoring and impedance tests were within normal limits during and within 48\u2009hours after surgery. Postoperative seroma formation was common (70%). One dog developed an irreversible Horner's syndrome leading to removal of the device 5 months after implantation. Another dog developed trauma\u2010induced damage of the lead requiring surgical revision. The device could be safely removed in all dogs; however, electrodes were left in place to avoid nerve damage. At removal, the anchor tether was dislodged in 40% of dogs and the lead was twisted in 50% of dogs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Implantation of a VNS Therapy<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>System is safe and feasible in dogs; however, seroma formation, twisting of the lead, and dislodgement of the anchor tether were common. Practical improvements in the technique include stable device placement, use of a compression bandage, and exercise restriction. Regular evaluation of lead impedance is important, as altered values can indicate serious complications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,6]],"date-time":"2016-01-06T00:38:26Z","timestamp":1452040706000},"page":"71-78","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Vagus Nerve Stimulator Placement in Dogs: Surgical Implantation Technique, Complications, Long\u2010Term Follow\u2010Up, and Practical Considerations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Valentine","family":"Martl\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology Ghent University Merelbeke Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc M. 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