{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T22:08:28Z","timestamp":1767046108095,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]],"date-time":"2016-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine common methods for intra\u2010articular injections and variables associated with the risk of septic arthritis following intra\u2010articular injection in the horse.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional survey.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Sample Population<\/jats:title><jats:p>Equine veterinarians.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A link to an online survey was distributed to equine practitioners in 2014. Responses for descriptive data were tabulated. Data on infection rates obtained from medical records were analyzed. Variables associated with the risk of septic arthritis were determined using \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>or Fisher's exact tests and logistic regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Common current methods for intra\u2010articular injections were determined from 241 surveys. Sixty\u2010four of 241 surveys (26.6%) contained data with numbers of joints injected and number of infections obtained from review of medical records. Eight different injection methods were used by more than 2\/3 of responding veterinarians. A total of 67 out of 319,760 injected joints reported became septic following injection, giving an incidence of 2.10 septic joints per 10,000 intra\u2010articular injections. Based on multivariate analysis, infection rates were significantly lower when veterinarians prepared their own injection sites (OR=0.10) and had &lt;20 years of practice experience (OR=0.025), whereas infection rates were significantly higher when hair was removed at the injection site (OR=19.70).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is a low incidence of septic arthritis following intra\u2010articular injection and a large number of injection methods reported by responding veterinarians. The low reported incidence of infection may be related to the large number of practitioners frequently using common methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,7]],"date-time":"2016-10-07T11:20:28Z","timestamp":1475839228000},"page":"1071-1076","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Methods and Variables Associated with the Risk of Septic Arthritis Following Intra\u2010Articular Injections in Horses: A Survey of Veterinarians"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Caroline C.","family":"Gillespie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen B.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George E.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine Purdue University West Lafayette Indiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00324.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"841","volume-title":"Diagnosis and management of lameness in the horse","author":"McIlwraith CW","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"425","article-title":"How to avoid complications following joint injections I: site preparation and selection of needles","volume":"58","author":"Adams SB","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12073"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"255","article-title":"Infectious arthritis following intra\u2010articular injection in horses not receiving prophylactic antibiotics: A retrospective cohort study of 2833 medical records","volume":"60","author":"Bohlin AM","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Am Assoc Equine Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1992.tb02872.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9846(17)30083-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00649.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"779","article-title":"Contamination of multiple\u2010dose vials in a veterinary hospital","volume":"47","author":"Sabino CV","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2004.04074.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1997.tb01474.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2011.00969.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2014.12179.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.077131"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1989.50.12.2018","article-title":"Further investigations into the potentiation of infection by intra\u2010articular injection of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan and the effect of filtration and intra\u2010articular injection of amikacin","volume":"50","author":"Gustafson SB","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","first-page":"212","article-title":"Reducing surgical site infections: a review","volume":"2","author":"Reichman DE","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev Obstet Gynecol"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fvsu.12563","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vsu.12563","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T02:50:19Z","timestamp":1749610219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vsu.12563"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vsu.12563"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vsu.12563","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-3499","1532-950X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0161-3499"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1532-950X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]}}}