{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T21:02:56Z","timestamp":1777323776982,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,9]],"date-time":"2016-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1481241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin Companion Animal Foundation Grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the reliability of radial torsion assessment in dogs using computed tomography (CT).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cadaveric and retrospective observational clinical study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thoracic limbs (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200940) from bilateral normal cadaveric canine specimens (10 pairs) and unilateral antebrachial angular limb deformity (ALD) dogs (10 uniapical and 10 biapical deformities).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Limbs were evaluated using CT. Frontal, sagittal, and axial plane (torsion) values were obtained using published guidelines and compared between groups and limbs. Radial torsion reliability was assessed among 3 observers using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean (\u00b1SD) radial torsion of normal dogs was 3.6\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20096.4\u00b0 and contained a significant right to left limb variation of 2.6\u00b0. Mean radial torsion in uniapical ALD limbs (3.6\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u200918.7\u00b0) was not significantly different from biapical ALD limbs (8.9\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u200917.9\u00b0). There was a wide range of torsion values in normal and ALD limbs. The interobserver reliability was excellent (ICC\u2009&gt;\u20090.8) for normal dogs, good (0.73) for uniapical, and excellent (0.89) for biapical ALD limbs. The intraobserver reliability was excellent (&gt;0.8) for all groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was a small side\u2010to\u2010side variation of radial torsion in normal dogs. With directed training, torsion assessment using CT is reliable in dogs with and without antebrachial bone deformity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,9]],"date-time":"2016-12-09T19:50:12Z","timestamp":1481313012000},"page":"24-31","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Assessment of radial torsion using computed tomography in dogs with and without antebrachial limb deformity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Kevin","family":"Kroner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Cooley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seamus","family":"Hoey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott J.","family":"Hetzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2987-7722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason A.","family":"Bleedorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The epiphyseal plate: nutritional and hormonal influences; 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