{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T22:59:12Z","timestamp":1773269952231,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]],"date-time":"2017-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Birmingham Racing Commission"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the strength and size of surgeon's and square knots for starting and ending continuous suture lines using large gauge suture.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>In vitro mechanical study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Population<\/jats:title><jats:p>Knotted suture.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Surgeon's and square knots were tested using 2 and 3 USP polyglactin 910 and 2 USP polydioxanone under linear tension on a universal testing machine. Failure mode and knot holding capacity (KHC) were recorded, and relative knot security (RKS) was calculated as a percentage of KHC. Comparisons were made between number of throws, suture size, suture type, and knot types. Knot volume and weight were assessed by a digital micrometer and balance, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were no significant differences in KHC (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.295), RKS (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.307), volume (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.128), or weight (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.310) between square and surgeon's knots at the start or end of suture lines with the same number of throws and suture type. A minimum of 6 throws were required for start knots and 7 throws at end knots to prevent unraveling. Knots tied with 3 polyglactin 910 were strongest (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and 2 polyglactin 910 produced knots with higher KHC and RKS than 2 polydioxanone (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>No consistent differences were detected between knots types tied with the same suture material; however, number of throws affected KHC and RKS up to 6 throws in start or 7 throws in end knots. The configuration of square and surgeon's knots performed at the end of a continuous line alters their KHC, supporting the use of additional throws for knot security.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]],"date-time":"2017-02-01T18:12:46Z","timestamp":1485972766000},"page":"297-305","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["In vitro evaluation of square and surgeon's knots in large gauge suture"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Alex M.","family":"Gillen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University Auburn Alabama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amelia S.","family":"Munsterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Auburn University Auburn Alabama"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramsis","family":"Farag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Polymer and Composite Engineering, Samuel Ginn College of Engineering Auburn University Auburn Alabama"},{"name":"Department of Textile Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Mansoura University Mansoura Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew O. 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