{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T21:07:47Z","timestamp":1790024867780,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,28]],"date-time":"2017-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1490659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine outcome and prognostic factors after radius and ulna fracture repair with a modified IMEX miniature circular external skeletal fixation (MCESF) in small and toy breed dogs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Sample population<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty\u2010seven young small and toy breed dogs with 41 radial and ulnar fractures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Records of radial and ulnar fractures repaired with a modified IMEX MCESF were reviewed. Constructs included 3\u20104 complete rings, 2 threaded rods, 4 mm\u2010diameter nuts and 6\u20108 transfixation wires. MCESF configuration, type of fracture reduction, dynamization of the apparatus, inclusion of a dowel pin, and implantation of allograft were recorded. Outcome measures included complications, limb alignment, time to clinical union, and functional outcomes, scored as excellent, good, fair, or poor.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Radiographic union was achieved in 40\/41 fractures. Fractures reached bony union within 33\u201084 days after repair. Time to union was not influenced by the type of fracture reduction (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.11), use of a dowel pin (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.099), or implantation of an allograft (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.45). Fracture dynamization delayed radiographic union (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.0005). At implant removal, mean frontal (FPA) and mean sagittal plane alignments (SPA) were 7.9\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20096.5\u00b0 and 7.5\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20095.8\u00b0, respectively. Limb alignment did not differ between radiographs obtained immediately after surgery and those obtained at time of radiographic union in the frontal (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.062) or sagittal (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009.14) planes. Ninety\u2010five percent of cases had good\u2010to\u2010excellent outcomes, based on return to function at final re\u2010evaluations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This modified IMEX MCESF construct provided an effective alternative to treat young small and toy breed dogs with radius and ulna fractures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,28]],"date-time":"2017-03-28T16:58:30Z","timestamp":1490720310000},"page":"587-595","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Radius and ulna fracture repair with the IMEX miniature circular external skeletal fixation system in 37 small and toy breed dogs: A retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Denise","family":"Bierens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VCA Lakewood Animal Hospital Cerritos California 90703"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos D.","family":"Unis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LeadER Animal Specialty Hospital, Department of Surgery Cooper City Florida 33024"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sady Y.","family":"Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern California Veterinary Specialty Hospital, Department of Surgery Irvine California 92614"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip H.","family":"Kass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Department of Population Health and Reproduction Davis California 95616"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina J.","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine\u2014Small Animal Surgery Department Washington State University  205 Ott Road Pullman Washington 99164"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen G.","family":"Mueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VCA West Los Angeles Animal Hospital\u2014Surgery Department  1900 S. 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