{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:22:07Z","timestamp":1787235727454,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,29]],"date-time":"2017-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1493424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Roeder Canine Brain Tumor Foundation"},{"name":"VMCVM Merial-NIH Veterinary Summers Scholars Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To develop and validate a three\u2010dimensional (3D) brain phantom that can be incorporated into existing stereotactic headframes to simulate stereotactic brain biopsy (SBB) and train veterinary surgeons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Experimental study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Sample population<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Canine brain phantoms were fabricated from osteological skull specimens, agarose brain parenchyma, and cheddar and mozzarella cheese molds (simulating meningiomas and gliomas).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The neuroradiologic and viscoelastic properties of phantoms were quantified with computed tomography (CT) and oscillatory compression tests, respectively. Phantoms were validated by experienced and novice operators performing SBB on phantoms containing randomly placed, focal targets. Target yield and needle placement error (NPE) were compared between operators.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Phantoms were produced in &lt;4 hours, at an average cost of $92. The CT appearances of the phantom skull, agarose, and cheese components approximated the in vivo features of skull, brain parenchyma, and contrast\u2010enhancing tumors of meningeal and glial origin, respectively. The complex moduli of the agarose and cheeses were comparable to the viscoelastic properties of in vivo brain tissues and brain tumors. The overall diagnostic yield of SBB was 88%. Although NPE did not differ between novice (median 3.68 mm; range, 1.46\u201014.54 mm) and experienced surgeons (median 1.17 mm, range, 0.78\u20101.58 mm), our results support the relevance of the learning curve associated with the SBB procedure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This 3D phantom replicates anatomical, CT, and tactile features of brain tissues and tumors and can be used to develop the technical skills required to perform SBB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]],"date-time":"2017-05-01T20:12:07Z","timestamp":1493669527000},"page":"621-630","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["An easy to produce and economical three\u2010dimensional brain phantom for stereotactic computed tomographic\u2010guided brain biopsy training in the dog*"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Deepinder S.","family":"Sidhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia"},{"name":"Veterinary and Comparative Neuro\u2010Oncology Laboratory, Virginia\u2010Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey D.","family":"Ruth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Lambert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John H.","family":"Rossmeisl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia"},{"name":"Veterinary and Comparative Neuro\u2010Oncology Laboratory, Virginia\u2010Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine Virginia Tech Blacksburg Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2010.01749.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2005.00069.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1042-3680(18)30772-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2014.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2002.tb00041.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"Frame\u2010based stereotactic biopsy of canine brain masses: technique and clinical results in 26 cases","volume":"20","author":"Rossmeisl JH","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1999.tb00371.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-006-0107-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000101"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.1999.tb00370.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5214\/ans.0972.7531.200309"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Rheometric studies on agarose gel\u2014a brain mimic material","volume":"9","author":"Deepthi R","year":"2010","journal-title":"SAS Tech J."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","unstructured":"ASTM Standard: D4065.Standard Practice for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties: Determination and Report of Procedures. 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