{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T16:06:38Z","timestamp":1787501198427,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,12]],"date-time":"2019-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009961","name":"American College of Veterinary Surgeons Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009961","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To determine polarization of synovial macrophages during development of cruciate ligament rupture (CR) and determine whether differences in synovial macrophage polarization in CR, osteoarthritis (OA), and healthy joints exist.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study design<\/jats:title>\n Prospective case\u2010controlled study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Animals<\/jats:title>\n Client\u2010owned dogs with unstable stifles with CR (n = 22), paired stable contralateral stifles with partial CR (pCR; n = 7), joints with OA not related to CR (n = 6), and clinically normal (Normal; n = 7) joints.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Synovial fluid samples were collected. Smears were made for differential cytology counts and estimated total nucleated cell counts. Cytospin preparations were made, and immunocytochemical staining was performed with the pan\u2010macrophage marker CD68, M1 macrophage markers inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and chemokine (C\u2010C motif) receptor 7 (CCR7), and M2 macrophage markers arginase 1 and CD163. Positively stained cells were counted.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Numbers of lymphocytes were increased in the CR group compared with the OA and Normal groups (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.05). Numbers of CD68\n +<\/jats:sup>\n , CCR7\n +<\/jats:sup>\n , and iNOS\n +<\/jats:sup>\n cells in the CR and OA groups were increased compared with the Normal group (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u2009.05). Globally, the ratio of positively stained M1 polarized CD68\n +<\/jats:sup>\n cells to M2 polarized CD68\n +<\/jats:sup>\n cells was highest for the OA group (2.49), followed by the pCR (2.1), CR (1.63), and Normal (0.7) groups.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Polarization of synovial macrophages toward an M1 proinflammatory phenotype is an early event in the development of canine CR.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical significance<\/jats:title>\n M1 polarization in pCR stifles provides evidence of a possible role for macrophages in progressive development of cruciate ligament fiber damage. Lymphocytes may play a role in the synovitis found in CR joints. Our findings provide evidence that these cells are therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,13]],"date-time":"2019-06-13T00:51:27Z","timestamp":1560387087000},"page":"1005-1012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Proinflammatory polarization of stifle synovial macrophages in dogs with cruciate ligament rupture"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Benjamin W.","family":"Yarnall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connie S.","family":"Chamberlain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics & Rehabilitation, School of Medicine & Public Health University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengling","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0028-6005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Muir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison Madison 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