{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T16:15:58Z","timestamp":1759335358461,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]],"date-time":"2019-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the influence of needle gauge, syringe volume, and syringe size on needle tract leakage after injection in porcine jejunum.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ex vivo experiment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Sample population<\/jats:title><jats:p>Three hundred sixty jejunal segments from 20 feedlot pigs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fresh porcine intestines were divided into 5\u2010cm or 10\u2010cm segments and randomly assigned to the one of nine treatment groups: 25\u2010gauge, 22\u2010gauge, and 20\u2010gauge needles attached to full 12\u2010mL, half\u2010full 20\u2010mL, and full 20\u2010mL syringes (n = 20\/group). The jejunal segments were occluded with Rochester\u2010Carmalt forceps prior to injection of diluted India ink. Injection time and leakage were noted by a blinded observer. Multivariate analysis was used with segment size, needle gauge, volume infused, time to inject per milliliter, and syringe size as variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Leakage occurred in 36% of 5\u2010cm and 15% of 10\u2010cm segments and was immediate without palpation in 33.8% and 11% of segments, respectively. Protective effects were seen for 22\u2010gauge needles in both 5\u2010cm (<jats:italic>P\u2009=<\/jats:italic> .002) and 10\u2010cm (<jats:italic>P\u2009=<\/jats:italic> .001) segments, whereas injection of 20\u2009mL had a higher odds ratio of leakage compared with injection of 10\u2009mL and 12\u2009mL in 5\u2010cm segments (<jats:italic>P\u2009=<\/jats:italic> .003).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Injections with 22\u2010gauge needles reduced the frequency of leakage, while 20\u2009mL instilled in 5\u2010cm segments increased the frequency of leakage in intact segments of porcine jejunum.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Injection with a smaller syringe size attached to a 22\u2010gauge needle through a 10\u2010cm segment of small intestine may lower the frequency of leakage from the injection site, but influence on the detection of surgical site leakage remains unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,9]],"date-time":"2019-07-09T06:58:47Z","timestamp":1562655527000},"page":"1237-1244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effects of needle gauge and syringe size on small intestinal leakage at injection sites"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Kenneth J.","family":"Brand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences  West Lafayette Indiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Hess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences  West Lafayette Indiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1990-4280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marije","family":"Risselada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Purdue Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences  West Lafayette Indiana"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00730.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"252","volume-title":"Disease Mechanisms in Small Animal Surgery","author":"Bojrab 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