{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T15:45:07Z","timestamp":1792424707086,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]],"date-time":"2019-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To evaluate the evidence published on the treatment of idiopathic chylothorax (IC) in small animals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Systematic literature review.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Sample population<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dogs and cats with IC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A literature search was performed in three bibliographic databases in July 2018 for publications on IC in dogs and cats. Articles meeting criteria for inclusion were evaluated for treatment, survival, outcome data, and level of evidence (LoE) with a modified Oxford Level of Evidence (mOLE) and GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations) system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Eleven of 313 identified articles met the inclusion criteria. Only one study was identified in dogs as having higher LoE by using the mOLE system, whereas no study was identified as such in either species with the GRADE system. Surgery was the primary treatment in all dogs and in 93% (68\/73) of cats. Medical therapy was the primary treatment in 7% (5\/73) of cats. The most common surgical treatment combined thoracic duct ligation (TDL) and subtotal pericardiectomy (SP; 40%; 34\/84) in dogs and TDL in cats (51% [37\/73]).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The body of literature for IC treatment in small animals was limited to one higher LoE study in dogs and none in cats. No strong conclusion could be drawn regarding the effectiveness of any one surgical method in dogs or cats, and no evidence was found to support medical therapy as a primary treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>The best available evidence regarding the treatment of IC is published in dogs and provides some support for surgical treatment with either TDL\u2009+ cisterna chyli ablation or TDL\u2009+\u2009SP. Additional evidence is required to confirm this finding.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]],"date-time":"2019-09-11T09:29:42Z","timestamp":1568194182000},"page":"70-79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Treatment of idiopathic chylothorax in dogs and cats: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Lauren A.","family":"Reeves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Missouri Columbia Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine M.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zalk Veterinary Medical Library, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Missouri Columbia Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill K.","family":"Luther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Missouri Columbia Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5477-507X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan T.","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Missouri Columbia Missouri"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"Evaluation of cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in differentiating chylous and nonchylous pleural effusions in dogs and cats","volume":"188","author":"Fossum TW","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Traumatic chylothorax with associated diaphragmatic hernias in the cat","volume":"155","author":"Meincke JE","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"452","article-title":"Traumatic chylothorax in small animals treated by ligation of the thoracic duct","volume":"133","author":"Patterson DF","year":"1958","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"302","article-title":"Chylothorax in a dog with abnormal termination of the thoracic duct","volume":"159","author":"Suter PF","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"72","article-title":"Chylothorax associated with blastomycosis in a dog","volume":"186","author":"Willard MD","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","first-page":"1462","article-title":"Chylothorax associated with congestive cardiomyopathy in a cat","volume":"189","author":"Birchard SJ","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1990.197.04.507","article-title":"Chylothorax associated with dirofilariasis in a cat","volume":"197","author":"Birchard SJ","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"1107","article-title":"Chylothorax subsequent to infection of cats with Dirofilaria immitis","volume":"164","author":"Donahoe JM","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","first-page":"473","article-title":"Lung lobe torsion in the dog","volume":"9","author":"Lord PF","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02550.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"64","article-title":"Chylothorax in the dog and cat: a review","volume":"28","author":"Birchard SJ","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lymphology."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(87)50027-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","first-page":"E3","article-title":"Idiopathic chylothorax in dogs and cats: nonsurgical and surgical management","volume":"34","author":"Singh A","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compend Contin Educ Vet."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2011.00902.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.252.8.976"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13617"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Centre for Evidence\u2010based Medicine. 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