{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T15:36:47Z","timestamp":1790955407197,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To describe and compare onset and intensity of thoracic duct (TD) coloration in healthy dogs after intrahepatic injection of either indocyanine green (ICG) visualized by intraoperative near\u2010infrared fluorescence lymphography (NIRFL) or direct thoracoscopic visualization of methylene blue dye (MB).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title><jats:p>Healthy adult Beagle dogs (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>All dogs had biochemical panels and complete blood counts preoperatively. Computed tomography lymphography (CTL) was performed prior to a standard 3\u2010port thoracoscopic approach. A mixture of MB and ICG was injected by ultrasound\u2010guided percutaneous injection into right or left\u2010sided hepatic lobes. Data collected included dose of contrast agent (MB vs. ICG), injection site, timing, and quality of operative TD identification. Potential hepatic injury was assessed by repeat laboratory evaluation and abdominal ultrasound 14\u2009days postoperatively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Preoperative CTL provided a diagnostic study in 5\/5 dogs. After intrahepatic injection of combined dyes, NIRFL allowed visualization of TDs in 5\/5 dogs, but MB did not result in visible TD coloration in any dog. Intrahepatic injection of ICG achieved successful NIRFL in a median time of 6\u00a0minutes and persisted for the 20\u2009minute observation period in all five dogs. All dogs recovered without complication and were subsequently adopted.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>NIRFL of the TD can be achieved with intraoperative hepatic injection of ICG. Intrahepatic injection of MB did not result in visible TD coloration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hepatic intra\u2010parenchymal injection is a reliable alternative portal into the TD system for intraoperative visualization of TD anatomy using ICG in dogs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13682","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,23]],"date-time":"2021-07-23T12:51:16Z","timestamp":1627044676000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Thoracoscopic detection of thoracic ducts after ultrasound\u2010guided intrahepatic injection of indocyanine green detected by near\u2010infrared fluorescence and methylene blue in dogs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Megan F.","family":"Korpita","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California\u2010Davis Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9640-0652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp D.","family":"Mayhew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California\u2010Davis Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0852-0644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele A.","family":"Steffey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California\u2010Davis Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1824-5896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid M.","family":"Balsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California\u2010Davis Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6862-2653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle A.","family":"Giuffrida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California\u2010Davis Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1888-0427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amandeep S.","family":"Chohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California\u2010Davis Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric 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