{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T14:01:29Z","timestamp":1791381689923,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Surgical skills are learned through deliberate practice, and veterinary educators are increasingly turning to models for teaching and assessing surgical skills. This review article sought to compile and review the literature specific to veterinary surgical skills models, and to discuss the themes of fidelity, educational outcomes, and validity evidence. Several literature searches using broad terms such as \u201cveterinary surgery model,\u201d \u201cveterinary surgical model,\u201d and \u201cveterinary surgical simulator\u201d were performed using PubMed, CAB abstracts, and Google scholar. All articles describing a model created and utilized for veterinary surgical training were included. Other review articles were used as a source for additional models. Commercially available models were found using review articles, internet browser searches, and communication with veterinary clinical skills educators. There has been an explosion of growth in the variety of small animal surgical task trainers published in the last several decades. These models teach orthopedic surgery, ligation and suturing, open celiotomy and abdominal surgery, sterilization surgeries, and minimally invasive surgeries. Some models were published with accompanying rubrics for learner assessment; these rubrics have been noted where present. Research in veterinary surgical models is expanding and becoming an area of focus for academic institutions. However, there is room for growth in the collection of validity evidence and in development of models for teaching large animal surgery, training surgical residents, and providing continuing education to practitioners. This review can assist with evaluation of current surgical models and trends, and provide a platform for additional studies and development of best practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]],"date-time":"2021-07-16T09:59:12Z","timestamp":1626429552000},"page":"52-61","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["If you build it, they will learn: A review of models in veterinary surgical education"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Hunt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lincoln Memorial University College of Veterinary Medicine Harrogate Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha C.","family":"Simons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lincoln Memorial University College of Veterinary Medicine Harrogate Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacy L.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lincoln Memorial University College of Veterinary Medicine Harrogate Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"AVMA Statement on Clinical Competencies Outcomes","author":"American Veterinary Medical Association","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"Competency\u2010Based Veterinary Education: Part 3 \u2010 Milestones","author":"Salisbury S","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons.RCVS day one competences.2014(February):1\u201312."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.32.4.473"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Alternatives to the use of living animals in the student surgery laboratory","volume":"13","author":"Jennings P","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Vet Med Educ"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1991.tb00342.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.3.363"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-200410001-00022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3182308d37"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.32.4.461"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Ethical and effective acquisition of knowledge and skills in veterinary education and training","volume":"12","author":"Jukes N","year":"2006","journal-title":"Altern Anim Test Exp"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14573\/altex.2007.2.91"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"224","article-title":"Utilisation of simulators in veterinary training","volume":"15","author":"Baillie S","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cattle Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17221\/6261-VETMED"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.2018-0016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.1117-158r1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13144"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13218"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15701\/kcgs.2020.26.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.2018-0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13228"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.0818-089r3"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1995.206.12.1840","article-title":"Comparison of surgical skills of veterinary students trained using models or live animals","volume":"206","author":"Greenfield CL","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12554"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/jvet.2000.7541"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Evaluation of traditional and alternative models in psychomotor laboratories for veterinary surgery","volume":"16","author":"Johnson A","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Vet Med Educ"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1996.tb01376.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.1217-181r1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22256\/pubvet.v12n5a83.1-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.1015-165R2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.1111-111R1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.1014-105"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","first-page":"125","article-title":"Development and validation of a low\u2010fidelity, low\u2010cost surgical simulation model to teach canine orchiectomy","volume":"10","author":"Motta T","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Theriogenol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000000130"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13224"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.247.11.1279"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.0815-138R1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000133346.07434.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2012.04243.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)65274-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.0514-050R2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12769"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.253.1.92"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.254.1.113"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026119291504300410"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.0315-034R1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10459-013-9458-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","volume-title":"Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing","author":"American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, National Councial on Measurement in Education","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.10.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","first-page":"448","article-title":"The argument\u2010based approach to validation","volume":"42","author":"Kane MT","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soc Psychol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.0915-150R"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1994.tb00513.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1102\/2051-7726.2018.0006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1991.tb00302.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.36.3.271"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"Teaching the principles of internal fixation of fractures with plastic bone models","volume":"14","author":"DeYoung D","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Vet Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Bone models of pathological conditions used for teaching veterinary orthopedic surgery","volume":"17","author":"Johnson AL","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Vet Med Educ"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-8478cr20180929"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0102-865020190090000006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/026119291204000514"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/laban1007-25"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1993.tb00412.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Integrating alternative models into the existing surgical curriculum","volume":"21","author":"Greenfield C","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Vet Med Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"Veterinary surgery education performed on models","volume":"11","author":"Auer J","year":"1994","journal-title":"ALTEX"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Use of a dog abdominal surrogate for teaching surgery","volume":"20","author":"Holmberg DL","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Vet Med Educ"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12935\/jvma1951.59.122"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.0915-150R"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.236.10.1079"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.0913-136R1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12930"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.0715-109R"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13295"},{"issue":"306","key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Validation of training and acquisition of surgical skills in veterinary laparoscopic surgery: a review","volume":"7","author":"Ovideo\u2010Penata C","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12657"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vsu.13683","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/vsu.13683","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vsu.13683","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T05:46:11Z","timestamp":1725428771000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vsu.13683"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vsu.13683"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vsu.13683","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-3499","1532-950X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0161-3499","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-950X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-03-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-06","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-07-16","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}