{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T18:46:48Z","timestamp":1793472408986,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]],"date-time":"2022-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>(1) To estimate the prevalence of delayed union, non\u2010union and mal\u2010union in canine fractures; (2) to describe fracture, demographic, and treatment characteristics for these outcomes; (3) to identify risk factors for delayed or non\u2010union.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retrospective study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Sample population<\/jats:title><jats:p>Four hundred and forty two dogs (461 fractures).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A review was conducted of clinical records and radiographs from 2 teaching hospitals. \u201cUnion,\u201d \u201cdelayed union,\u201d \u201cnon\u2010union\u201d and \u201cmal\u2010union\u201d were defined, and fracture, demographic, treatment, and outcome variables described. Differences in proportions or medians between \u201cunion,\u201d \u201cdelayed union\u201d and \u201cnon\u2010union\u201d were tested using \u03c7<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> and Mann\u2010Whitney <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\u2010tests for categorical and continuous variables respectively. Potential explanatory variables for \u201cdelayed or non\u2010union\u201d were tested using logistic regression to identify risk factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Median radiographic follow up was 53\u2009days (14\u2010282). Delayed union occurred in 13.9% of fractures (64\/461), non\u2010union in 4.6% (21\/461), and mal\u2010union in 0.7% (3\/461). Risk factors for delayed or non\u2010union were age (OR 1.21, 95% CI 1.12\u20101.31); comminuted fracture (OR 4.24, 95% CI 2.4\u20107.5); treatment with bone graft (all types) (OR 3.32, 95% CI 1.3\u20108.5); surgical site infection (OR 3.24, 95% CI 1.17\u20108.97), and major implant failure (OR 12.94, 95% CI 5.06\u201033.1).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Older dogs, dogs with comminuted fractures, surgical site infection, or major implant failure were at increased odds of delayed or non\u2010union. Radius and ulna fractures in toy breed dogs were not at increased odds of delayed or non\u2010union.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>The identified risk factors should inform fracture planning and prognosticating. The prognosis for radial fractures in toy breeds appears better than historically believed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,27]],"date-time":"2022-08-27T10:58:55Z","timestamp":1661597935000},"page":"1087-1095","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Delayed union, non\u2010union and mal\u2010union in 442 dogs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1727-4609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"William George","family":"Marshall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Small Animal Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6116-6520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbro","family":"Filliquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department 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