{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T01:56:24Z","timestamp":1790042184805,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the effects of general anesthesia on the safety and efficacy of co\u2010administered potassium penicillin G (PEN) and gentamicin (GENT) in horses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nonrandomized crossover.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Animals<\/jats:title><jats:p>Six adult, Thoroughbred horses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Horses were administered PEN (22\u2009000\u2009IU\/kg IV) and GENT (6.6\u2009mg\/kg IV). Plasma samples were collected over a 6 h period and synovial fluid was collected at 30\u2009min and 6\u2009h respectively. Drug administration and sample collection protocols were repeated after at least a 48 hour washout period and induction of anesthesia using xylazine\/ketamine and maintenance with isoflurane gas. Drug concentrations were determined using ultrapressure liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. A 2\u2010compartment model was used to determine pharmacokinetics and differences were determined between conscious and anesthetized horses using paired<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2010tests (significance<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u2009.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Potassium penicillin g and GENT had higher minimum plasma concentrations (PEN 0.44 vs. 0.11\u2009\u03bcg\/mL,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009.002; GENT 3.0 vs. 1.9\u2009\u03bcg\/mL,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009.009), longer half lives (PEN 71 vs. 59\u2009min,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009.018; GENT 149 vs. 109\u2009min,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009.038), and slower clearances (PEN 3.41 vs. 5.1\u2009mL\/kg\/min,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009.005; GENT 1.18 vs. 1.48\u2009mL\/kg\/min,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u2009.028) in anesthetized horses vs. conscious horses. The PEN concentrations remained above the breakpoint minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, 0.5\u2009\u03bcg\/mL) for 332\u2009min in anesthetized vs. 199\u2009min in conscious horses. The GENT concentrations reached 10 times higher than the breakpoint MIC (2\u2009\u03bcg\/mL) in all horses and were maintained for 58 vs. 59\u2009min in anesthetized and conscious states, respectively.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Synovial fluid concentrations were higher in conscious horses vs. anesthetized horses at 30\u2009min for PEN (7.0 vs. 0.93\u2009\u03bcg\/mL,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u2009.001) and 30 (5.3\u2009\u03bcg\/mL vs. 0.79\u2009\u03bcg\/mL,<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u2009.001) and 360\u2009min (3.4 vs. 1.82\u2009\u03bcg\/mL,<jats:italic>P &lt;<\/jats:italic>.003) for GENT.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>General anesthesia resulted in lower intrasynovial concentrations and delayed clearance of PEN\/GENT in horses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Redosing healthy anesthetized horses with PEN prior to 4\u20105\u2009h is not necessary. When administered to anesthetized horses, intravenous PEN\/GENT may not reach adequate intrasynovial concentrations to treat or prevent common pathogens. The doses or dosing intervals of antimicrobials administered to horses undergoing anesthesia may need to be adjusted to ensure maintenance of safe and effective plasma concentrations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]],"date-time":"2022-10-26T11:30:23Z","timestamp":1666783823000},"page":"87-97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Potassium penicillin and gentamicin pharmacokinetics in healthy conscious and anesthetized horses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7453-1504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine E.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia\u2010Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie H.","family":"Bogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia\u2010Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. McAlister","family":"Council\u2010Troche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia\u2010Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer L.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia\u2010Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119190332.ch17"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2018.01.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2013.9999"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/hpj4807-560"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.01024.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Effects of halothane anesthesia on the clearance of gentamicin sulfate in horses","volume":"49","author":"Smith CM","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.574"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12709"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7164\/antibiotics.35.850"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.28.2.274"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13607"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b14095"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)33474-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0442.2003.00530.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12730"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(95)80129-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1983.tb01700.x"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1998.213.07.1007","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of a high dose of gentamicin administered intravenously or intramuscularly to horses","volume":"213","author":"Magdesian KG","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","first-page":"410","article-title":"Renal effect of isoflurane","volume":"28","author":"Chou YP","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ma Zui Xue Za Zhi=Anaesthesiologica Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2005.00190.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.04.030"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","first-page":"192","article-title":"Arterial hypotension and the development of postanesthetic myopathy in halothane\u2010anesthetized horses","volume":"48","author":"Grandy JL","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","first-page":"154","volume-title":"Equine Anesthesia: Monitoring and Emergency Therapy","author":"Muir W","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmclc.2016.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","volume-title":"CLSI supplement VET01S (ISBN 978\u20131\u201368440\u2010092\u20108 [Print]; 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