{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T02:09:09Z","timestamp":1747188549389,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009227","name":"Iowa State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009227","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of the study was to evaluate the strength and size of the double forwarder (DF) knot in 2 and 3 USP polyglactin 910 when used to form a ligature and to compare the knot holding capacity (KHC), size and weight of the DF knot to surgeon's (SU) and square (SQ) knots with varying numbers of throws.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Laboratory study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study population<\/jats:title><jats:p>Knotted suture.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Knots were tied using 2 and 3 USP polyglactin 910 and tested on a universal testing machine under linear tension. Mode of failure and (KHC) were recorded. Knot volume and weight were determined by digital micrometer and balance. KHC, size, and weight between knot type, number of throws, and suture type and size were compared using ANOVA testing, with <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05 as significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In both suture types, DF knots had a higher KHC than SQ\/SU knots (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.004), with the exception of SU knots with 6\u20138 throws in 3 USP polyglactin 910 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u2009.42). All DF knots failed by suture breakage at the knot, as did all SQ\/SU knots with &gt;6 throws. DF knots in 2 and 3 USP polyglactin 910 were larger and heavier than SQ and SU knots when the same number of throws was applied (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.003).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Self\u2010locking DF knots provided increased strength compared to SU\/SQ in large gauge suture but only when fewer than six throws are applied to SU\/SQ knots.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>The new DF knot could be an alternative for a secure ligature.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.14058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T01:43:53Z","timestamp":1703727833000},"page":"376-383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of the in vitro performance of the double forwarder knot, compared to square and surgeon's knots using large gauge suture"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Harriet K.","family":"Barnes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Philip Leverhulme Equine Hopsital University of Liverpool  Neston UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9922-2129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amelia S.","family":"Munsterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Medical Center Michigan State University  East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex M.","family":"Gillen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Philip Leverhulme Equine Hopsital University of Liverpool  Neston UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie S.","family":"Caston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Performance Equine Vets  Aiken South Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dane M.","family":"Tatarniuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Highline Veterinary Orthopedics  Fairmont Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Kersh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lloyd Large Animal Hospital Iowa State University  Ames Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Swor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lloyd Large Animal Hospital Iowa State University  Ames Iowa USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. Reid","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JT Vaughan Large Animal Teaching Hospital Auburn University  Auburn Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.12063"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/042516409X415018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.1996.tb01700.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-48420-6.00016-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"202","article-title":"Knot security in simple sliding knots and its relationship to rotator cuff repair: how secure must the knot be?","volume":"16","author":"Burkhart SS","year":"2000","journal-title":"Art Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cjs.009716"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"62","article-title":"Cyclic testing of arthroscopic knot security","volume":"20","author":"Ilahi OA","year":"2004","journal-title":"Art Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-014-1352-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-013-0941-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12556"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2009.00640.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2009.00634.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13519"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(88)90027-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12619"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"323","article-title":"Physical properties of self\u2010locking and conventional surgical knots","volume":"160","author":"Israelsson LA","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur J Surg"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2007.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12538"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"Optimizing arthroscopic knot using braided or monofilament suture","volume":"14","author":"Loutzenheiser TD","year":"1998","journal-title":"Art Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.247.3.260"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800790507"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","first-page":"388","article-title":"A simple assessment of surgical sutures and knots","volume":"40","author":"Shaw A","year":"1995","journal-title":"J R Coll Surg Edinb"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-007-9239-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-56108-9_16"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2008.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-3804(96)80019-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12627"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1308\/003588407X205468"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2013.12076.x"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/vsu.14058","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T12:24:26Z","timestamp":1713270266000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/vsu.14058"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/vsu.14058"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/vsu.14058","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0161-3499","1532-950X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0161-3499"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1532-950X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-05-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-11-24","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-27","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}